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Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
000
UXUS97 KPUB 131209
SRGPUB
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Pueblo, Colorado
0609 MDT Saturday, April 13, 2024
This forecast is for the Air Force Academy for Saturday, April 13, 2024:
If the trigger temperature of 59.0 F/15.0 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 2046 ft/min (10.4 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 27449 ft MSL (19844 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 72.0 F/22.7 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 0930 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 19865 ft MSL (12260 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Sunday 04/14....... Excellent
Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:24:18 / 19:34:54 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 13 hr 10 min 36 sec (790 min 36 sec)
Altitude of sun at 12:59:36 MDT... 60.45 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 04/13/2024 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 12889 ft MSL (5284 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 16992 ft MSL (9387 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 19025 ft MSL (11420 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... -5.7
K index......................... +10.1
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -56.9 -70.4 260 49 25 1.1 0.6 M M M M M
45000 -55.3 -67.5 260 53 27 -1.1 -0.6 M M M M M
40000 -57.4 -71.3 255 48 25 -1.2 -0.7 M M M M M
38000 -56.2 -69.2 250 48 24 3.5 1.9 M M M M M
36000 -54.0 -65.2 250 48 25 3.5 1.9 M M M M M
34000 -51.2 -60.2 245 46 24 7.1 3.9 M M M M M
32000 -46.9 -52.4 240 40 20 7.1 3.9 M M M M M
30000 -42.7 -44.9 230 32 17 6.4 3.5 25.5 77.9 2.5 M M
29000 -40.8 -41.4 220 27 14 6.4 3.5 24.1 75.5 1.5 M M
28000 -38.9 -38.0 210 22 11 6.4 3.5 22.9 73.3 0.6 M M
27000 -36.8 -34.2 200 20 10 8.7 4.8 22.0 71.5 -0.2 2009 10.2
26000 -34.2 -29.6 205 22 12 8.8 4.8 21.5 70.7 -0.6 1901 9.7
25000 -31.6 -24.9 215 25 13 8.8 4.8 21.2 70.1 -0.9 1793 9.1
24000 -28.3 -18.9 220 28 15 8.5 4.7 20.8 69.4 -1.3 1658 8.4
23000 -25.7 -14.3 225 28 15 8.6 4.7 20.3 68.5 -1.7 1551 7.9
22000 -23.2 -9.8 230 28 15 8.6 4.7 19.9 67.8 -2.1 1444 7.3
21000 -20.6 -5.1 235 29 15 8.3 4.6 19.5 67.0 -2.5 1338 6.8
20000 -18.1 -0.6 245 29 15 8.3 4.6 18.9 66.1 -3.0 1234 6.3
19500 -16.9 1.6 250 29 15 8.3 4.6 18.7 65.7 -3.2 1182 6.0
19000 -15.7 3.7 255 30 15 8.3 4.5 18.5 65.4 -3.4 1130 5.7
18500 -14.5 5.9 255 31 16 7.9 4.3 18.2 64.8 -3.7 1079 5.5
18000 -13.3 8.1 260 32 17 7.9 4.3 17.9 64.3 -4.0 1029 5.2
17500 -12.1 10.2 260 34 17 8.6 4.7 17.7 63.8 -4.3 978 5.0
17000 -10.8 12.6 265 35 18 8.7 4.8 17.5 63.5 -4.5 924 4.7
16500 -9.5 14.9 265 36 19 8.7 4.8 17.3 63.2 -4.6 870 4.4
16000 -8.2 17.2 265 36 18 8.7 4.8 17.1 62.9 -4.8 817 4.2
15500 -6.9 19.6 270 36 18 8.7 4.8 17.0 62.5 -5.0 764 3.9
15000 -5.6 21.9 270 35 18 8.8 4.8 16.8 62.2 -5.2 710 3.6
14500 -4.3 24.3 270 35 18 8.8 4.8 16.6 62.0 -5.4 656 3.3
14000 -3.0 26.6 275 34 18 8.5 4.7 16.5 61.7 -5.6 602 3.1
13500 -1.7 28.9 275 34 17 8.5 4.6 16.3 61.3 -5.9 550 2.8
13000 -0.4 31.3 280 33 17 10.1 5.5 16.1 61.0 -6.1 496 2.5
12500 0.9 33.6 280 33 17 7.6 4.2 16.0 60.8 -6.2 440 2.2
12000 2.1 35.8 280 34 17 7.6 4.2 15.7 60.3 -6.5 391 2.0
11750 2.6 36.7 285 34 17 7.3 4.0 15.5 60.0 -6.7 367 1.9
11500 3.2 37.8 285 34 18 7.8 4.3 15.4 59.7 -6.9 343 1.7
11250 3.8 38.8 285 35 18 8.3 4.6 15.2 59.4 -7.1 318 1.6
11000 4.3 39.7 285 35 18 6.8 3.7 15.1 59.2 -7.3 293 1.5
10750 4.8 40.6 285 35 18 5.7 3.1 14.8 58.6 -7.6 273 1.4
10500 5.2 41.4 290 35 18 6.1 3.3 14.5 58.1 -7.9 253 1.3
10250 5.7 42.3 290 36 18 7.7 4.2 14.3 57.7 -8.2 231 1.2
10000 6.2 43.2 290 36 18 7.3 4.0 14.1 57.5 -8.4 206 1.0
9750 6.7 44.1 290 35 18 5.8 3.2 13.9 56.9 -8.7 186 0.9
9500 7.1 44.8 290 35 18 6.0 3.3 13.6 56.4 -9.0 166 0.8
9250 7.6 45.7 290 35 18 6.7 3.7 13.3 55.9 -9.3 145 0.7
9000 8.0 46.4 290 34 17 4.9 2.7 13.0 55.5 -9.7 125 0.6
8750 8.2 46.8 290 33 17 2.0 1.1 12.5 54.5 -10.2 112 0.6
8500 8.4 47.1 290 32 17 5.2 2.8 12.0 53.6 -10.8 98 0.5
8250 8.6 47.5 285 32 16 -4.5 -2.5 11.5 52.7 -11.4 85 0.4
8000 7.6 45.7 285 29 15 -14.4 -7.9 9.9 49.7 -13.1 107 0.5
7750 6.9 44.4 280 21 11 -2.4 -1.3 8.4 47.1 -14.6 121 0.6
7500 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M M M M M M
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
04/13/2024 at 0900 MDT | 04/13/2024 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... +66.4 LI... +0.7 | CAPE... +161.5 LI... -1.1
CINH... -122.9 K Index... +1.9 | CINH... -0.1 K Index... +15.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -56.8 -70.2 260 49 25 0.5 0.3 | -57.6 -71.7 265 49 25 0.2 0.1
45000 -56.1 -69.0 265 54 28 -0.8 -0.4 | -57.5 -71.5 265 55 28 -1.4 -0.7
40000 -57.3 -71.1 265 55 28 -0.7 -0.4 | -59.5 -75.1 260 55 28 -1.2 -0.6
38000 -55.6 -68.1 265 54 28 4.6 2.5 | -56.8 -70.2 260 55 29 7.0 3.8
36000 -52.8 -63.0 265 52 27 4.6 2.5 | -52.6 -62.7 255 56 29 7.0 3.8
34000 -49.5 -57.1 260 50 26 7.6 4.2 | -47.7 -53.9 260 55 29 7.7 4.2
32000 -44.4 -47.9 260 50 26 7.6 4.2 | -43.1 -45.6 265 55 28 7.7 4.2
30000 -40.1 -40.2 255 46 24 6.4 3.5 | -38.4 -37.1 265 54 28 7.6 4.2
29000 -38.2 -36.8 250 41 21 6.4 3.5 | -36.1 -33.0 270 53 27 7.6 4.2
28000 -36.3 -33.3 245 37 19 6.4 3.5 | -33.9 -29.0 270 53 27 7.7 4.2
27000 -34.5 -30.1 235 33 17 4.6 2.5 | -31.8 -25.2 270 50 26 4.2 2.3
26000 -33.1 -27.6 225 30 15 4.8 2.6 | -30.5 -22.9 270 44 22 4.6 2.5
25000 -31.7 -25.1 215 27 14 4.8 2.6 | -29.1 -20.4 265 37 19 4.6 2.5
24000 -30.1 -22.2 205 25 13 8.1 4.4 | -27.7 -17.9 260 31 16 5.2 2.9
23000 -27.5 -17.5 215 21 11 8.8 4.8 | -26.1 -15.0 260 24 12 5.4 3.0
22000 -24.8 -12.6 225 17 9 8.8 4.8 | -24.5 -12.1 260 17 9 5.5 3.0
21000 -22.2 -8.0 240 15 8 8.6 4.7 | -22.7 -8.9 265 13 7 9.0 4.9
20000 -19.6 -3.3 250 16 8 8.6 4.7 | -19.4 -2.9 280 14 7 8.6 4.7
19500 -18.3 -0.9 260 17 9 8.7 4.7 | -18.1 -0.6 290 14 7 8.6 4.7
19000 -16.4 2.5 265 19 10 8.6 4.7 | -16.9 1.6 295 15 8 8.4 4.6
18500 -15.1 4.8 270 20 10 8.5 4.7 | -15.7 3.7 300 15 8 7.9 4.3
18000 -13.9 7.0 275 21 11 8.5 4.7 | -14.5 5.9 305 15 8 7.9 4.4
17500 -12.6 9.3 275 22 11 8.5 4.7 | -13.4 7.9 310 15 8 8.5 4.6
17000 -11.3 11.7 275 23 12 8.5 4.7 | -12.1 10.2 310 15 8 8.5 4.7
16500 -10.0 14.0 275 25 13 8.5 4.7 | -10.9 12.4 315 15 8 8.6 4.7
16000 -8.8 16.2 275 25 13 8.5 4.7 | -9.6 14.7 320 15 8 8.7 4.8
15500 -7.5 18.5 275 25 13 8.7 4.8 | -8.3 17.1 320 16 8 8.8 4.8
15000 -6.2 20.8 280 24 12 9.8 5.4 | -7.0 19.4 325 15 8 9.2 5.0
14500 -4.7 23.5 280 23 12 9.8 5.4 | -5.7 21.7 330 15 8 9.2 5.0
14000 -3.3 26.1 285 23 12 9.4 5.2 | -4.3 24.3 330 14 7 9.9 5.4
13500 -1.9 28.6 290 22 11 9.4 5.2 | -2.8 27.0 330 13 7 9.7 5.3
13000 -0.6 30.9 290 21 11 9.5 5.2 | -1.3 29.7 330 13 7 10.6 5.8
12500 0.8 33.4 295 22 11 8.5 4.7 | 0.1 32.2 330 13 6 9.1 5.0
12000 2.0 35.6 295 23 12 8.2 4.5 | 1.5 34.7 330 13 6 9.1 5.0
11750 2.6 36.7 300 23 12 8.0 4.4 | 2.2 36.0 330 12 6 9.1 5.0
11500 3.2 37.8 300 23 12 8.8 4.8 | 2.9 37.2 330 12 6 10.6 5.8
11250 3.9 39.0 300 23 12 9.1 5.0 | 3.7 38.7 330 12 6 11.1 6.1
11000 4.5 40.1 300 23 12 7.7 4.2 | 4.5 40.1 330 12 6 9.2 5.1
10750 5.0 41.0 305 22 12 6.9 3.8 | 5.1 41.2 330 12 6 8.2 4.5
10500 5.5 41.9 305 22 11 7.8 4.3 | 5.8 42.4 330 12 6 9.5 5.2
10250 6.2 43.2 305 21 11 10.0 5.5 | 6.6 43.9 330 12 6 11.8 6.5
10000 6.9 44.4 305 20 10 8.5 4.7 | 7.4 45.3 330 12 6 10.4 5.7
9750 7.4 45.3 305 21 11 6.4 3.5 | 8.1 46.6 330 12 6 8.9 4.9
9500 7.9 46.2 305 22 11 7.1 3.9 | 8.8 47.8 330 12 6 8.7 4.8
9250 8.4 47.1 305 22 11 6.5 3.6 | 9.5 49.1 330 12 6 10.9 6.0
9000 8.8 47.8 300 23 12 4.1 2.2 | 10.4 50.7 335 12 6 11.6 6.3
8750 9.0 48.2 300 24 12 2.9 1.6 | 11.2 52.2 335 12 6 9.8 5.4
8500 9.2 48.6 295 25 13 2.7 1.5 | 11.9 53.4 335 12 6 10.1 5.5
8250 9.4 48.9 290 26 13 4.7 2.6 | 12.7 54.9 335 11 6 10.6 5.8
8000 9.9 49.8 290 23 12 10.1 5.5 | 13.6 56.5 335 11 6 17.7 9.7
7750 10.7 51.3 285 17 9 12.4 6.8 | 15.3 59.5 335 11 5 27.3 15.0
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
04/13/2024 at 1500 MDT | 04/13/2024 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... +115.3 LI... -1.2 | CAPE... +31.7 LI... -0.4
CINH... -0.6 K Index... +21.6 | CINH... -14.2 K Index... +23.5
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -58.0 -72.4 260 49 25 0.7 0.4 | -58.6 -73.5 260 49 25 0.5 0.3
45000 -57.1 -70.8 260 53 27 -0.4 -0.2 | -58.0 -72.4 260 55 28 -0.2 -0.1
40000 -57.8 -72.0 260 60 31 -0.3 -0.2 | -58.2 -72.8 250 56 29 -0.0 -0.0
38000 -55.5 -67.9 260 59 30 5.4 3.0 | -56.0 -68.8 255 53 27 5.2 2.8
36000 -52.3 -62.1 260 56 29 5.4 3.0 | -52.9 -63.2 255 48 25 5.2 2.8
34000 -48.1 -54.6 265 54 28 7.4 4.0 | -48.7 -55.7 260 44 23 7.5 4.1
32000 -43.7 -46.7 265 54 28 7.4 4.0 | -44.3 -47.7 265 43 22 7.5 4.1
30000 -39.1 -38.4 270 53 27 8.0 4.4 | -39.7 -39.5 270 43 22 7.8 4.3
29000 -36.7 -34.1 270 52 27 8.0 4.4 | -37.4 -35.3 270 43 22 7.8 4.3
28000 -34.3 -29.7 270 52 27 8.0 4.4 | -35.0 -31.0 270 43 22 7.8 4.3
27000 -32.0 -25.6 275 51 26 7.2 3.9 | -32.7 -26.9 275 43 22 7.7 4.2
26000 -29.9 -21.8 270 50 26 7.2 4.0 | -30.4 -22.7 275 43 22 7.7 4.2
25000 -27.7 -17.9 270 49 25 7.3 4.0 | -28.1 -18.6 275 42 22 7.7 4.2
24000 -25.7 -14.3 270 47 24 4.5 2.5 | -25.9 -14.6 275 41 21 6.3 3.5
23000 -24.4 -11.9 265 40 21 4.2 2.3 | -24.1 -11.4 270 37 19 6.3 3.5
22000 -23.2 -9.8 260 34 17 4.3 2.4 | -22.2 -8.0 270 33 17 6.3 3.5
21000 -21.6 -6.9 260 28 14 8.4 4.6 | -19.6 -3.3 265 26 13 7.7 4.2
20000 -18.7 -1.7 265 21 11 8.1 4.4 | -17.4 0.7 255 19 10 7.9 4.3
19500 -17.5 0.5 265 19 10 8.1 4.4 | -16.2 2.8 250 15 8 8.0 4.4
19000 -16.3 2.7 270 17 9 8.1 4.4 | -15.1 4.8 240 12 6 8.0 4.4
18500 -15.1 4.8 270 14 7 8.1 4.5 | -14.0 6.8 240 10 5 7.6 4.2
18000 -14.0 6.8 275 12 6 8.2 4.5 | -12.9 8.8 245 8 4 7.6 4.2
17500 -12.8 9.0 275 9 5 8.2 4.5 | -11.8 10.8 255 6 3 7.7 4.2
17000 -11.6 11.1 285 7 4 8.3 4.5 | -10.7 12.7 260 6 3 7.7 4.2
16500 -10.4 13.3 300 5 2 8.8 4.8 | -9.5 14.9 270 5 3 7.4 4.0
16000 -9.0 15.8 315 4 2 9.3 5.1 | -8.5 16.7 285 4 2 7.1 3.9
15500 -7.6 18.3 330 4 2 9.4 5.1 | -7.5 18.5 310 3 1 7.2 4.0
15000 -6.2 20.8 340 5 2 9.7 5.3 | -6.3 20.7 330 3 1 8.4 4.6
14500 -4.7 23.5 345 5 3 9.7 5.3 | -5.1 22.8 345 3 1 8.2 4.5
14000 -3.2 26.2 345 5 3 9.8 5.4 | -3.7 25.3 355 3 2 9.6 5.3
13500 -1.8 28.8 350 5 3 9.7 5.3 | -2.3 27.9 355 3 2 9.3 5.1
13000 -0.2 31.6 350 6 3 11.5 6.3 | -0.8 30.6 360 3 2 11.1 6.1
12500 1.3 34.3 350 6 3 8.7 4.8 | 0.6 33.1 360 4 2 8.4 4.6
12000 2.6 36.7 355 6 3 9.2 5.0 | 2.0 35.6 360 4 2 9.5 5.2
11750 3.3 37.9 355 6 3 9.4 5.1 | 2.7 36.9 360 4 2 9.8 5.4
11500 4.1 39.4 355 6 3 10.1 5.5 | 3.4 38.1 360 4 2 9.8 5.4
11250 4.8 40.6 355 6 3 10.3 5.7 | 4.1 39.4 360 4 2 9.8 5.3
11000 5.6 42.1 355 6 3 9.4 5.2 | 4.9 40.8 360 5 2 9.3 5.1
10750 6.2 43.2 355 6 3 8.8 4.8 | 5.5 41.9 355 5 2 8.8 4.8
10500 6.9 44.4 355 6 3 9.7 5.3 | 6.2 43.2 355 5 3 9.7 5.3
10250 7.7 45.9 360 6 3 11.5 6.3 | 7.0 44.6 355 5 3 11.8 6.5
10000 8.6 47.5 360 6 3 10.4 5.7 | 7.9 46.2 355 5 3 10.6 5.8
9750 9.3 48.7 360 7 3 9.2 5.1 | 8.6 47.5 355 5 3 9.1 5.0
9500 10.0 50.0 360 7 3 9.1 5.0 | 9.3 48.7 355 5 3 9.2 5.0
9250 10.7 51.3 360 7 3 10.9 6.0 | 10.0 50.0 355 5 3 10.4 5.7
9000 11.6 52.9 360 7 3 11.3 6.2 | 10.8 51.4 355 5 3 10.6 5.8
8750 12.3 54.1 360 7 3 9.7 5.3 | 11.5 52.7 355 5 3 9.5 5.2
8500 13.1 55.6 005 7 3 10.0 5.5 | 12.2 54.0 355 5 3 9.7 5.3
8250 13.8 56.8 005 7 4 10.4 5.7 | 13.0 55.4 355 5 3 10.0 5.5
8000 14.7 58.5 005 7 3 16.1 8.8 | 13.8 56.8 355 5 3 11.9 6.6
7750 16.2 61.2 005 7 3 23.6 13.0 | 14.7 58.5 350 5 3 13.7 7.5
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC). It is not continuously monitored nor updated after its initial
issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the Air Force Academy
in Colorado Springs, Colorado at
North Latitude: 38 deg 58 min 48.000 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 49 min 12.000 sec
Elevation: 6572 feet (2003 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CIN (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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