Flood Potential Outlook
Issued by NWS La Crosse, WI

Home | Current Version | Previous Version | Text Only | Print | Product List | Glossary On
Versions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
000
FGUS73 KARX 291400
ESFARX
IAC005-037-043-065-067-089-131-191-MNC039-045-055-099-109-157-169-
WIC001-011-019-023-043-053-057-063-081-103-119-121-123-191800-

PROBABILISTIC HYDROLOGIC OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI
800 AM CST FRI JAN 29 2010

      ...FIRST SPRING HYDROLOGIC SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK...

THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF OUTLOOKS
PROVIDING FLOOD POTENTIAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR THIS
COMING SPRING. THIS FIRST OUTLOOK IS A VERY PRELIMINARY LOOK AT THE
POTENTIAL FOR ANY FLOODING THIS SPRING. A MORE DETAILED OUTLOOK WILL
BE PROVIDED ON FEBRUARY 19TH.

THIS IS A SUMMARY OF THE PAST AND PRESENT BASIN CONDITIONS FOR
PORTIONS OF NORTHEAST IOWA...SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA...AND SOUTHWEST
INTO CENTRAL WISCONSIN.

IN SHORT...THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL FOR ANY FLOODING IN THE LA CROSSE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE AREA IS ACROSS NORTHEAST IOWA AND SOUTHWEST
WISCONSIN.  THE THREAT FOR FLOODING IS NEAR NORMAL FOR TRIBUTARIES
IN MINNESOTA...AS WELL AS ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.


*** CEDAR RIVER BASIN FROM SOUTHERN MINNESOTA INTO NORTHERN IOWA ***

THE CEDAR RIVER AND ASSOCIATED SMALLER TRIBUTARIES ARE RUNNING WELL
ABOVE AVERAGE FLOW FOR THIS TIME OF YEAR. THE USGS WATER WATCH WEB
PAGE INDICATES WATER LEVELS IN THE 50TH TO 80TH PERCENTILE FOR MEAN
FLOW. HOWEVER THESE VALUES DO NOT INCORPORATE WIDESPREAD ICE
EFFECTS...WHICH MAKE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAGE AND FLOW
QUESTIONABLE.

THE SOIL MOISTURE STATE IS RATHER HIGH. THE MIDWESTERN REGIONAL
CLIMATE CENTER SHOWS THE TOP 6 FEET OF SOIL RANGING FROM 1 TO 2
INCHES OF MOISTURE ABOVE THE MEAN. THIS WAS DUE TO THE ABOVE NORMAL
RAINFALL AMOUNTS LAST FALL AND DURING EARLY WINTER.

FROST DEPTH IS NOT VERY DEEP THIS YEAR AS AN EARLY SNOWFALL ACTED AS
INSULATION PRIOR TO VERY COLD TEMPERATURES LATE DECEMBER INTO
JANUARY. HOWEVER...THE EXTENT OF SOIL MOISTURE SATURATION WILL ALLOW
FOR VERY LITTLE STORAGE WHEN MELT OCCURS. CONSEQUENTLY...FUTURE MELT
WILL CONTRIBUTE MOSTLY AS RUNOFF.

THE CURRENT SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT FOR MOST THE CEDAR BASIN IS ABOUT
2.5 TO 3.5 INCHES. DUE TO THE WARM WEATHER AND RECENT RAINFALL...THE
SNOW PACK ITSELF HAS LITTLE ABILITY TO HOLD ANY MORE LIQUID WATER
AND HAS BEEN CONDENSED. THIS RIPE CONDITION WILL NOT LAST AS COLD
TEMPERATURES MOVE IN TO CREATE A HEAT DEFICIT IN THE SNOW PACK AND
CURRENT STANDING WATER WHICH DID NOT RUNOFF INTO THE RIVER WILL
FREEZE. ACCORDING TO RIVER FORECAST MODELS...MOST OF THE OBSERVED
RIVER RISES WERE MORE A FUNCTION OF RAINFALL RUNOFF THAN SNOWPACK
MELT RUNOFF. THEREFORE...THE WATER THAT WAS THERE BEFORE THE THAW IS
STILL THERE. SNOW DEPTHS RANGE FROM 5 TO 12 INCHES...WITH THE HIGHER
AMOUNTS IN THE CEDAR BASIN.

THE PROBABILITIES HAVE NOT IMPROVED SINCE THE LAST FORECASTS WERE
ISSUED TWO WEEKS AGO...AND IT SEEMS THE LOWER END OF THE CONDITIONAL
SIMULATION IS STARTING TO ELEVATE SO THAT THE MINOR AND MODERATE
FLOODING PROBABILITIES ARE INCREASING ESPECIALLY WHERE RIVERS HAVE
RISEN DUE TO THIS LAST EVENT. THERE IS AN ABOVE NORMAL CHANCE FOR
FLOODING IN THIS BASIN.


*** TURKEY AND UPPER IOWA RIVER BASINS IN NORTHEAST IOWA ***

THE CONDITIONS DESCRIBED FOR THE CEDAR RIVER BASIN ARE VERY SIMILAR
FOR THE PART OF NORTHEAST IOWA WHICH COMPRISES THE TURKEY AND UPPER
IOWA RIVER BASINS.  RIVER FLOW IS ABOVE AVERAGE FOR THIS TIME OF
YEAR...AND SOIL MOISTURE IS HIGH.  FROST DEPTH IS SHALLOW AND THE
CURRENT SNOW PACK IS HIGH IN WATER CONTENT. THERE APPEARS TO BE AN
AVERAGE OR SLIGHTLY ABOVE AVERAGE CHANCE FOR MINOR FLOODING THIS
SPRING.


*** ZUMBRO AND ROOT RIVER BASINS IN SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA ***

SNOW MOISTURE CONTENT OVER SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA IS SLIGHTLY LOWER
THAN THAT SEEN IN NORTHEAST IOWA. HOWEVER SIMILAR CONDITIONS OF ONLY
SHALLOW FROST DEPTH AND CURRENT RIVER LEVELS NEAR TO SLIGHTLY ABOVE
NORMAL INDICATE THAT THERE IS A LEAST A THREAT FOR SOME MINOR
FLOODING FOR THE ROOT AND ZUMBRO BASINS. PROBABILITIES SHOW THERE IS
A 30 PERCENT OR LESS CHANCE FOR THESE RIVERS TO REACH FLOOD STAGE.


*** BLACK AND TREMPEALEAU RIVER BASINS IN WEST CENTRAL WISCONSIN ***

OVER WEST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...THE SNOW MOISTURE CONTENT IS SIMILAR
TO THAT IN SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA. FROST DEPTH IS SOMEWHAT SHALLOW...
RUNNING MAINLY FROM 6 TO 8 INCHES...TO AROUND 12 INCHES. THE SNOW
COVER IS VARIABLE FROM 5 TO 10 INCHES.  CURRENT RIVER FLOW IS ABOVE
NORMAL THANKS TO FALL RAINFALL AND THE RECENT RAIN EVENT. GIVEN THE
TERRAIN IN THIS REGION...IT APPEARS THERE IS A HIGHER THAN NORMAL
CHANCE FOR MINOR FLOODING DUE TO EXCESS RUNOFF THIS SPRING.


*** WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN AND TRIBUTARIES INCLUDING THE KICKAPOO ***

ONCE AGAIN...THE SNOW MOISTURE CONTENT IS SIMILAR TO OTHER AREAS...
IN THE 2 TO 3 INCH RANGE. FROST DEPTH IS 6 TO 12 INCHES...AND SNOW
COVER RANGES FROM 3 TO 7 INCHES.  FLOW IN THE TRIBUTARY STREAMS IS A
LITTLE ABOVE NORMAL...EXCEPT FOR THE MAIN WISCONSIN RIVER ITSELF
WHICH IS NEAR NORMAL. AGAIN...CONSIDERING THE TERRAIN...IT APPEARS
THERE IS A HIGHER THAN NORMAL CHANCE FOR MINOR FLOODING FOR
TRIBUTARIES IN SOUTHWEST WISCONSIN.


*** MISSISSIPPI RIVER FROM LAKE CITY MINNESOTA TO GUTTENBERG IOWA ***

SOIL CONDITIONS AND SNOW COVER VARY GREATLY ACROSS THE HEADWATERS OF
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN. BUT ON THE CONTRARY...THE HEADWATERS OF
THE MINNESOTA RIVER BASIN...ACROSS WESTERN AND SOUTHERN MINNESOTA...
ARE VERY MOIST AND HAVE THE HIGHEST AMOUNTS OF SNOW COVER AND SNOW
MOISTURE CONTENT ANYWHERE IN THE REGION. MODERATE FLOODING IS
ANTICIPATED ALONG THE MINNESOTA RIVER...AND DEPENDING ON HOW THIS
FLOWS DOWNSTREAM INTO THE MISSISSIPPI WILL DETERMINE IF ANY FLOODING
WILL TRANSPIRE ALONG THE RIVER FROM LAKE CITY TO GUTTENBERG. WITH
NORMAL TEMPERATURES AND NORMAL PRECIPITATION FOR THE REMAINDER OF
THE WINTER...IT APPEARS THE FLOOD THREAT ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
BETWEEN LAKE CITY AND GUTTENBERG WILL BE NEAR NORMAL OVERALL. THERE
IS ABOUT A 30 PERCENT CHANCE OR LESS FOR MINOR FLOODING ALONG MOST
OF THIS STRETCH OF RIVER.


...FLOOD POTENTIAL...

THE OUTLOOK TABLE BELOW WILL SHOW THE PROBABILITY FOR FLOODING AT
SEVERAL LOCATIONS AROUND THE REGION. HOWEVER...THERE ARE A COUPLE OF
OTHER CAVEATS TO CONSIDER. WITH PLENTY OF ICE IN THE CREEKS AND
RIVERS...THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ICE JAMS. IN ADDITION...HEAVY
RAINFALL EVENTS IN BOTH AUGUST OF 2007 AND JUNE OF 2008 HAVE
RESULTED IN DEBRIS BEING WASHED INTO THE DRAINAGE AREAS OF CREEKS
AND RIVERS. AS MELT WATER MOVES THROUGH THESE DRAINAGES...THERE MAY
ALSO BE DEBRIS JAMS. PLEASE TAKE THIS INTO ACCOUNT FOR YOUR FLOOD
PLANNING EFFORTS THIS SPRING.

THE LONGER ANY EXTREME COLD WEATHER HANGS ON...AND THE LONGER THE
SNOW COVER PERSISTS...THE GREATER THE THREAT FOR FLOODING.  A BEST
CASE SCENARIO WOULD BE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURES IN THE 30S AND LOWER
40S...WITH NIGHT TIME LOWS BELOW THE FREEZING MARK. THIS WOULD ALLOW
FOR A SLOW MELT...LIMITING FLOODING POTENTIAL.  ANY RAPID WARMUP
AND/OR SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL WILL BRING A HIGHER FLOOD POTENTIAL.


...ADVANCED HYDROLOGIC PREDICTION SERVICE PROBABILISTIC OUTLOOKS...

THIS OUTLOOK PROVIDES LONG-RANGE PROBABILISTIC RIVER OUTLOOKS FOR
RIVER BASINS IN PARTS OF SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA...NORTHEAST IOWA...
AND SOUTHWEST WISCONSIN. THIS OUTLOOK IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS...
ONE FOR HIGH WATER...AND ONE FOR LOW WATER.

A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE METHODOLOGY USED IN CREATING THESE
FORECASTS IS GIVEN AT THE END OF THIS OUTLOOK.

IN THE FIRST TABLE BELOW FOR HIGH WATER...THE 90 THROUGH 10 PERCENT
COLUMNS INDICATE THE CHANCE THE RIVER COULD RISE ABOVE THE LISTED
STAGE LEVELS IN THE NEXT 90 DAYS.  FOR EXAMPLE...THE KICKAPOO RIVER
AT VIOLA HAS A FLOOD STAGE OF 14 FEET. IN THE NEXT 90 DAYS THERE
IS A 10 PERCENT CHANCE OF THE STAGE REACHING 15.3 FEET...AND A
50 PERCENT CHANCE OF THE STAGE REACHING 14.1 FEET.


CHANCE OF EXCEEDING STAGES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS
VALID  2/1/2010 - 5/2/2010

LOCATION FS(FT)   90%   80%   70%   60%   50%   40%   30%   20%   10%

BLACK RIVER
NEILLSVILLE  18   9.2   9.8  10.4  11.2  12.0  12.5  13.3  14.0  14.8
BLK RVR FLS  47  44.4  45.6  46.6  48.2  49.9  51.1  52.5  53.4  54.8
GALESVILLE   12  10.3  11.0  11.4  11.8  12.5  13.3  13.9  14.3  14.8

CEDAR RIVER
LANSING      18  13.8  14.4  14.7  14.8  15.0  15.3  15.5  15.9  16.5
AUSTIN       15   7.1   8.1   8.8   8.9   9.1   9.9  10.1  11.2  12.7
CHARLES CTY  12   7.3   8.3   9.2   9.6  10.1  10.7  11.9  13.0  14.7

TURTLE CREEK
AUSTIN       10   6.7   7.4   8.0   8.3   8.8   9.2   9.9  10.7  14.5

KICKAPOO RIVER
LA FARGE     12   6.1   6.4   6.9   7.4   7.8   8.1   8.6   9.0   9.7
VIOLA        14  12.5  12.9  13.5  13.7  14.1  14.5  14.7  14.9  15.3
READSTOWN    12   8.8  10.3  10.8  11.2  11.5  11.7  12.0  12.1  12.7
SLDRS GROVE  13  11.1  12.1  12.3  12.7  13.0  13.1  13.4  13.5  14.2
GAYS MILLS   13  12.0  13.0  13.2  13.4  13.7  13.8  14.0  14.1  14.7
STEUBEN      12  11.3  11.7  12.0  12.2  12.5  12.6  12.8  12.9  13.3

MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LAKE CITY    16  12.3  13.2  13.8  14.4  14.5  14.8  15.2  16.0  17.7
WABASHA      12  11.0  11.7  12.0  12.4  12.5  12.6  12.9  13.5  15.0
ALMA         16   9.1  10.0  10.7  11.2  11.4  11.6  12.0  12.8  14.7
DAM 5        MM 655.8 656.9 657.7 658.3 658.6 658.8 659.3 660.1 662.5
DAM 5A       MM 651.3 652.4 653.3 654.0 654.2 654.5 655.0 656.1 658.3
WINONA       13   9.8  10.9  11.8  12.5  12.7  13.0  13.5  14.5  17.0
TREMPEALEAU  MM 644.0 644.9 645.6 646.1 646.3 646.5 646.9 647.7 649.5
LA CRESCENT  MM 638.1 638.8 639.3 639.9 640.1 640.5 640.7 641.5 643.0
LA CROSSE    12   9.9  10.5  10.9  11.4  11.6  11.9  12.1  12.7  13.8
GENOA        MM 629.3 629.9 630.4 630.9 631.1 631.5 631.7 632.5 634.0
LANSING      18  11.1  11.8  12.2  12.9  13.3  13.8  14.2  15.1  17.0
LYNXVILLE    MM 621.1 622.0 622.5 623.1 623.6 624.0 624.4 625.4 627.4
MCGREGOR     16  13.6  15.1  15.5  16.3  16.8  17.5  18.6  19.8  22.0
GUTTENBERG   15  12.9  13.5  13.8  14.5  14.8  15.4  16.4  17.4  19.3

ROOT RIVER
HOUSTON      15   7.3   8.7   9.4  10.0  10.5  10.8  11.5  12.2  14.4

SOUTH BRANCH BARABOO RIVER
HILLSBORO    13   6.6   7.2   7.7   9.0   9.9  10.7  11.6  12.4  12.9

SOUTH BRANCH ROOT RIVER
LANESBORO    12   4.6   5.1   5.3   5.7   5.9   6.0   6.3   6.8   7.6

TREMPEALEAU RIVER
DODGE         9   8.4   8.8   9.3   9.6   9.8  10.1  10.3  10.6  10.8

TURKEY RIVER
ELKADER      12   9.0   9.4   9.6  10.2  10.8  11.1  11.8  12.6  14.0
GARBER       17  11.3  12.4  13.0  13.6  14.9  15.5  16.5  18.4  22.6

UPPER IOWA RIVER
DECORAH      12   5.1   5.6   5.9   6.3   6.6   6.9   7.5   8.3   9.7
DORCHESTER   14  10.5  11.3  11.7  12.2  12.6  13.0  14.1  15.2  16.6

WISCONSIN RIVER
MUSCODA       9   4.6   5.7   6.6   7.2   7.5   8.3   9.3   9.5  11.0

ZUMBRO RIVER
ZUMBRO FLS   18  10.7  11.5  12.1  12.4  12.8  13.0  14.2  14.9  16.5

SOUTH FORK ZUMBRO RIVER
ROCHESTER    14   6.3   6.7   6.9   7.6   7.8   8.0   8.5   8.7   9.2


IN THIS NEXT TABLE...THE 90 THROUGH 10 PERCENT COLUMNS INDICATE THE
CHANCE THE RIVER WILL FALL BELOW THE LISTED STAGE LEVELS IN THE NEXT
90 DAYS.

FOR EXAMPLE...THE KICKAPOO RIVER AT READSTOWN HAS A FLOOD STAGE OF
12 FEET. IN THE NEXT 90 DAYS THERE IS A 10 PERCENT CHANCE OF THE
STAGE FALLING TO 3.8 FEET.

CHANCE OF FALLING BELOW STAGES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS
VALID  2/1/2010 - 5/2/2010


LOCATION FS(FT)   90%   80%   70%   60%   50%   40%   30%   20%   10%

BLACK RIVER
NEILLSVILLE  18   2.9   2.9   2.9   2.9   2.9   2.9   2.9   2.9   2.9
BLK RVR FLS  47  35.9  35.9  35.9  35.9  35.9  35.9  35.9  35.9  35.9
GALESVILLE   12   3.1   3.1   3.1   3.1   3.1   3.1   3.0   3.0   3.0

CEDAR RIVER
LANSING      18   9.4   9.3   9.3   9.3   9.3   9.2   9.2   9.2   9.2
AUSTIN       15   3.5   3.4   3.4   3.4   3.4   3.3   3.3   3.3   3.3
CHARLES CTY  12   2.3   2.3   2.3   2.2   2.2   2.2   2.2   2.2   2.2

TURTLE CREEK
AUSTIN       10   2.0   2.0   1.9   1.9   1.8   1.8   1.8   1.8   1.8

KICKAPOO RIVER
LA FARGE     12   2.8   2.8   2.8   2.7   2.7   2.7   2.7   2.6   2.6
VIOLA        14   7.7   7.6   7.6   7.4   7.4   7.4   7.3   7.2   7.2
READSTOWN    12   4.1   4.1   4.1   4.0   4.0   4.0   3.9   3.9   3.8
SLDRS GROVE  13   5.1   5.1   5.0   4.9   4.8   4.8   4.7   4.6   4.5
GAYS MILLS   13   6.9   6.9   6.8   6.8   6.7   6.7   6.7   6.6   6.6
STEUBEN      12   7.0   6.9   6.9   6.8   6.8   6.7   6.7   6.6   6.6

MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LAKE CITY    16   6.0   5.9   5.9   5.8   5.8   5.8   5.8   5.7   5.7
WABASHA      12   7.0   6.9   6.9   6.8   6.8   6.8   6.8   6.7   6.7
ALMA         16   4.3   4.3   4.2   4.2   4.2   4.2   4.1   4.1   4.0
DAM 5        MM 651.1 651.1 651.0 651.0 651.0 651.0 651.0 651.0 651.0
DAM 5A       MM 645.7 645.7 645.6 645.6 645.5 645.5 645.5 645.5 645.5
WINONA       13   5.5   5.5   5.5   5.5   5.5   5.5   5.5   5.5   5.5
TREMPEALEAU  MM 639.5 639.5 639.4 639.3 639.3 639.3 639.3 639.3 639.2
LA CRESCENT  MM 631.4 631.4 631.3 631.3 631.3 631.3 631.2 631.2 631.2
LA CROSSE    12   4.9   4.9   4.8   4.8   4.8   4.8   4.7   4.7   4.7
GENOA        MM 621.0 620.9 620.8 620.7 620.6 620.6 620.6 620.5 620.5
LANSING      18   7.8   7.8   7.7   7.7   7.7   7.7   7.7   7.7   7.7
LYNXVILLE    MM 612.9 612.7 612.4 612.3 612.2 612.1 612.1 612.0 611.9
MCGREGOR     16   6.8   6.8   6.6   6.5   6.5   6.4   6.4   6.3   6.3
GUTTENBERG   15   4.4   4.3   4.1   4.0   3.9   3.9   3.8   3.8   3.7

ROOT RIVER
HOUSTON      15   3.3   3.2   3.2   3.2   3.2   3.2   3.2   3.2   3.2

SOUTH BRANCH BARABOO RIVER
HILLSBORO    13   4.7   4.7   4.7   4.7   4.7   4.6   4.6   4.6   4.6

SOUTH BRANCH ROOT RIVER
LANESBORO    12   1.9   1.9   1.9   1.9   1.8   1.8   1.8   1.8   1.8

TREMPEALEAU RIVER
DODGE         9   4.7   4.7   4.6   4.6   4.5   4.5   4.5   4.5   4.4

TURKEY RIVER
ELKADER      12   6.0   5.9   5.9   5.8   5.7   5.6   5.6   5.5   5.4
GARBER       17   6.9   6.8   6.8   6.6   6.5   6.4   6.4   6.2   6.1

UPPER IOWA RIVER
DECORAH      12   2.5   2.5   2.5   2.5   2.5   2.4   2.4   2.4   2.4
DORCHESTER   14   7.4   7.3   7.3   7.3   7.2   7.2   7.1   7.1   7.0

WISCONSIN RIVER
MUSCODA       9   1.0   1.0   1.0   1.0   0.9   0.9   0.9   0.9   0.9

ZUMBRO RIVER
ZUMBRO FLS   18   5.3   5.3   5.3   5.2   5.1   5.1   5.0   4.8   4.7

SOUTH FORK ZUMBRO RIVER
ROCHESTER    14   2.1   2.1   2.1   2.1   2.1   2.1   2.1   2.1   2.1


THIS LONG-RANGE PROBABILISTIC OUTLOOK CONTAINS FORECAST VALUES THAT
ARE CALCULATED USING MULTIPLE SEASON SCENARIOS FROM 30 OR MORE YEARS
OF CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA...INCLUDING CURRENT CONDITIONS OF THE RIVER...
SOIL MOISTURE...SNOW COVER...AND 30 TO 90 DAY LONG-RANGE OUTLOOKS OF
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. BY PROVIDING THE COMPLETE RANGE OF
PROBABILITIES...THE LEVEL OF RISK ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-RANGE PLANNING
DECISIONS CAN BE DETERMINED. THESE PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS ARE PART
OF THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE`S ADVANCED HYDROLOGIC PREDICTION
SERVICE.

THESE LONG-RANGE PROBABILISTIC OUTLOOKS ARE NORMALLY ISSUED NEAR THE
MIDDLE OF EACH MONTH THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. HOWEVER DURING THE
SPRING...THESE OUTLOOKS ARE INCLUDED WITH ADDITIONAL FLOOD POTENTIAL
INFORMATION.

ALL OF THIS INFORMATION IS ALSO AVAILABLE IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT
ON THE LA CROSSE NWS INTERNET HOMEPAGE AT

HTTP://WWW.WEATHER.GOV/LACROSSE (LOWER CASE).

LOOK AT THE AHPS RIVERS AND LAKES LINK.


THE NEXT FLOOD POTENTIAL OUTLOOK WILL BE ISSUED ON FEBRUARY 19TH.

$$

WELVAERT





USA.gov is the U.S. government's official web portal to all federal, state and local government web resources and services.