Soaring Guidance Issued by NWS Pueblo, CO
000
UXUS97 KPUB 231259
SRGPUB
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Pueblo, Colorado
0659 MDT Saturday, March 23, 2024
This forecast is for the Air Force Academy for Saturday, March 23, 2024:
If the trigger temperature of 49.4 F/9.6 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 1284 ft/min (6.5 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 22863 ft MSL (15261 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 63.0 F/17.7 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1015 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ 1400 MDT
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... Broken/overcast thin middle
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 17972 ft MSL (10371 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Sunday 03/24....... Good
Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:56:37 / 19:14:33 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 12 hr 17 min 56 sec (737 min 56 sec)
Altitude of sun at 13:05:35 MDT... 52.44 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 03/23/2024 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 7644 ft MSL (42 ft AGL)
Additional freezing level....... 10812 ft MSL (3210 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 15808 ft MSL (8206 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 18007 ft MSL (10406 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... -3.9
K index......................... +17.0
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -57.8 -72.0 275 73 38 1.2 0.7 M M M M M
45000 -56.0 -68.8 280 84 43 1.4 0.8 M M M M M
40000 -58.0 -72.4 280 81 42 -1.5 -0.8 M M M M M
38000 -58.4 -73.1 275 76 39 1.1 0.6 M M M M M
36000 -57.6 -71.7 275 62 32 1.2 0.6 M M M M M
34000 -56.6 -69.9 270 51 26 6.6 3.6 M M M M M
32000 -52.6 -62.7 270 48 24 6.7 3.6 M M M M M
30000 -48.4 -55.1 270 44 23 9.3 5.1 19.3 66.8 1.6 M M
29000 -45.7 -50.3 265 42 22 9.0 5.0 18.9 66.1 1.3 M M
28000 -43.0 -45.4 260 40 21 9.0 5.0 18.7 65.6 1.1 M M
27000 -40.3 -40.5 255 39 20 9.1 5.0 18.5 65.4 1.0 M M
26000 -37.5 -35.5 260 38 20 9.3 5.1 18.3 64.9 0.8 M M
25000 -34.7 -30.5 260 38 20 9.3 5.1 18.1 64.5 0.7 M M
24000 -31.9 -25.4 265 38 20 9.4 5.2 18.0 64.4 0.6 M M
23000 -29.4 -20.9 265 38 20 8.1 4.4 17.4 63.4 0.1 M M
22000 -27.0 -16.6 270 38 20 8.1 4.5 16.8 62.3 -0.4 1406 7.1
21000 -24.0 -11.2 275 38 20 7.7 4.2 16.2 61.1 -1.0 1279 6.5
20000 -21.7 -7.1 275 38 20 7.7 4.2 15.4 59.7 -1.7 1181 6.0
19500 -20.6 -5.1 275 38 19 7.7 4.2 15.1 59.1 -2.0 1132 5.8
19000 -19.5 -3.1 275 38 19 7.7 4.2 14.7 58.5 -2.3 1083 5.5
18500 -18.3 -0.9 275 37 19 7.6 4.1 14.4 58.0 -2.6 1035 5.3
18000 -17.2 1.0 270 36 19 7.5 4.1 14.0 57.3 -3.0 987 5.0
17500 -16.1 3.0 270 35 18 7.4 4.0 13.7 56.6 -3.4 939 4.8
17000 -15.1 4.8 265 35 18 6.7 3.7 13.2 55.7 -3.9 893 4.5
16500 -14.1 6.6 265 35 18 6.7 3.7 12.7 54.8 -4.3 849 4.3
16000 -13.1 8.4 260 35 18 7.3 4.0 12.2 54.0 -4.8 803 4.1
15500 -12.0 10.4 255 35 18 7.3 4.0 11.8 53.3 -5.2 756 3.8
15000 -10.9 12.4 255 35 18 7.8 4.3 11.5 52.6 -5.6 708 3.6
14500 -9.7 14.5 255 33 17 8.0 4.4 11.2 52.1 -5.9 658 3.3
14000 -8.5 16.7 250 31 16 8.1 4.5 10.9 51.6 -6.2 608 3.1
13500 -7.3 18.9 250 28 15 8.4 4.6 10.6 51.2 -6.5 557 2.8
13000 -6.1 21.0 250 25 13 10.5 5.7 10.4 50.7 -6.8 506 2.6
12500 -4.6 23.7 250 24 13 7.9 4.3 10.5 51.0 -6.8 444 2.3
12000 -3.4 25.9 245 23 12 8.1 4.5 10.2 50.4 -7.1 395 2.0
11750 -2.8 27.0 245 23 12 8.8 4.8 10.1 50.2 -7.2 368 1.9
11500 -2.1 28.2 245 22 11 9.4 5.2 10.1 50.2 -7.3 341 1.7
11250 -1.4 29.5 250 22 11 9.9 5.5 10.1 50.1 -7.3 312 1.6
11000 -0.6 30.9 250 21 11 9.4 5.2 10.1 50.2 -7.3 282 1.4
10750 0.0 32.0 250 21 11 8.5 4.6 10.0 50.0 -7.4 255 1.3
10500 0.6 33.1 250 21 11 7.9 4.3 9.9 49.8 -7.5 229 1.2
10250 1.3 34.3 250 21 11 10.8 5.9 9.8 49.7 -7.6 202 1.0
10000 2.2 36.0 250 21 11 11.2 6.1 10.0 50.0 -7.5 168 0.9
9750 2.9 37.2 250 20 11 8.0 4.4 10.0 49.9 -7.5 140 0.7
9500 3.5 38.3 250 20 10 7.0 3.9 9.8 49.6 -7.7 115 0.6
9250 4.0 39.2 250 20 10 9.5 5.2 9.6 49.3 -7.9 91 0.5
9000 4.8 40.6 255 19 10 7.5 4.1 9.6 49.3 -7.9 61 0.3
8750 5.0 41.0 250 18 9 1.6 0.9 9.2 48.5 -8.4 45 0.2
8500 5.2 41.4 250 17 9 4.7 2.6 8.6 47.5 -9.0 34 0.2
8250 5.3 41.5 250 16 8 -6.2 -3.4 8.1 46.5 -9.6 22 0.1
8000 4.0 39.2 245 15 8 -26.5 -14.5 6.0 42.8 -11.7 55 0.3
7750 1.8 35.2 235 10 5 -27.4 -15.0 3.1 37.6 -14.7 113 0.6
7500 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M M M M M M
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
03/23/2024 at 0900 MDT | 03/23/2024 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +0.6 | CAPE... +385.2 LI... -0.6
CINH... 0.0 K Index... +16.6 | CINH... -5.7 K Index... +12.7
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -58.4 -73.1 275 74 38 0.6 0.3 | -58.5 -73.3 270 74 38 0.9 0.5
45000 -57.5 -71.5 280 87 45 0.6 0.3 | -57.1 -70.8 270 96 50 1.2 0.6
40000 -57.0 -70.6 275 90 47 0.3 0.2 | -58.2 -72.8 270 98 50 -0.8 -0.5
38000 -56.6 -69.9 275 86 44 1.2 0.7 | -57.9 -72.2 270 94 48 3.2 1.7
36000 -55.8 -68.4 270 69 36 1.3 0.7 | -55.8 -68.4 270 80 41 3.2 1.7
34000 -54.7 -66.5 270 55 29 5.9 3.2 | -53.7 -64.7 265 69 35 5.9 3.2
32000 -51.3 -60.3 265 50 26 5.7 3.1 | -50.3 -58.5 265 62 32 5.6 3.1
30000 -47.7 -53.9 265 44 23 8.7 4.8 | -46.7 -52.1 260 55 28 8.0 4.4
29000 -45.2 -49.4 265 41 21 8.4 4.6 | -44.4 -47.9 260 54 28 7.8 4.3
28000 -42.6 -44.7 260 38 20 8.4 4.6 | -42.1 -43.8 260 52 27 7.8 4.3
27000 -40.1 -40.2 260 35 18 8.5 4.6 | -39.8 -39.6 260 51 26 7.8 4.3
26000 -37.5 -35.5 260 34 17 8.9 4.9 | -37.2 -35.0 265 47 24 8.6 4.7
25000 -34.8 -30.6 255 33 17 8.9 4.9 | -34.7 -30.5 270 43 22 8.6 4.7
24000 -32.2 -26.0 255 32 16 8.9 4.9 | -32.1 -25.8 275 40 20 8.6 4.7
23000 -29.6 -21.3 255 31 16 8.6 4.7 | -29.6 -21.3 275 37 19 8.4 4.6
22000 -27.0 -16.6 260 32 16 8.6 4.7 | -27.0 -16.6 270 36 18 8.4 4.6
21000 -23.9 -11.0 265 32 16 8.0 4.4 | -23.8 -10.8 265 33 17 8.9 4.9
20000 -21.5 -6.7 270 32 16 8.0 4.4 | -21.2 -6.2 260 27 14 8.9 4.9
19500 -20.3 -4.5 270 32 16 8.0 4.4 | -19.8 -3.6 250 24 12 8.9 4.9
19000 -19.1 -2.4 275 32 16 8.0 4.4 | -18.5 -1.3 245 22 11 9.0 4.9
18500 -17.9 -0.2 275 32 17 7.4 4.0 | -17.2 1.0 235 20 11 8.3 4.6
18000 -16.9 1.6 275 33 17 7.2 3.9 | -16.0 3.2 245 21 11 8.1 4.4
17500 -15.8 3.6 275 34 17 7.2 3.9 | -14.8 5.4 250 23 12 7.9 4.4
17000 -14.8 5.4 275 34 18 7.3 4.0 | -13.7 7.3 250 23 12 7.0 3.9
16500 -13.7 7.3 275 35 18 7.3 4.0 | -12.6 9.3 250 23 12 7.1 3.9
16000 -12.6 9.3 275 36 19 7.6 4.2 | -11.6 11.1 250 24 12 6.8 3.8
15500 -11.5 11.3 270 37 19 7.6 4.2 | -10.6 12.9 255 26 13 6.8 3.7
15000 -10.4 13.3 270 38 20 8.0 4.4 | -9.6 14.7 255 28 14 6.4 3.5
14500 -9.2 15.4 270 39 20 8.2 4.5 | -8.7 16.3 255 30 16 6.1 3.3
14000 -7.9 17.8 270 40 21 8.5 4.7 | -7.8 18.0 255 33 17 6.2 3.4
13500 -6.6 20.1 270 41 21 9.0 4.9 | -7.0 19.4 255 33 17 6.7 3.7
13000 -5.3 22.5 270 41 21 9.7 5.3 | -6.1 21.0 255 33 17 9.6 5.3
12500 -4.0 24.8 265 40 20 7.3 4.0 | -4.7 23.5 255 31 16 7.7 4.2
12000 -3.0 26.6 265 38 20 7.3 4.0 | -3.5 25.7 255 26 13 8.0 4.4
11750 -2.4 27.7 265 37 19 7.6 4.2 | -2.9 26.8 255 24 12 9.3 5.1
11500 -1.9 28.6 265 35 18 6.7 3.7 | -2.2 28.0 255 23 12 9.7 5.3
11250 -1.4 29.5 260 33 17 5.6 3.1 | -1.5 29.3 255 22 11 9.2 5.0
11000 -1.0 30.2 260 31 16 6.0 3.3 | -0.8 30.6 255 21 11 9.2 5.0
10750 -0.6 30.9 260 29 15 6.5 3.6 | -0.2 31.6 255 20 10 8.2 4.5
10500 -0.1 31.8 255 27 14 6.7 3.7 | 0.4 32.7 255 19 10 7.8 4.3
10250 0.4 32.7 255 25 13 7.5 4.1 | 1.0 33.8 250 18 9 9.7 5.3
10000 1.0 33.8 255 26 13 7.8 4.3 | 1.8 35.2 250 17 9 10.3 5.7
9750 1.5 34.7 250 26 13 7.0 3.8 | 2.5 36.5 250 16 8 8.5 4.7
9500 2.0 35.6 250 25 13 6.7 3.7 | 3.1 37.6 245 15 8 7.3 4.0
9250 2.5 36.5 250 25 13 7.2 4.0 | 3.6 38.5 240 14 7 9.4 5.1
9000 3.0 37.4 250 24 12 5.6 3.1 | 4.4 39.9 240 13 6 11.0 6.1
8750 3.4 38.1 250 23 12 4.0 2.2 | 5.2 41.4 235 12 6 9.4 5.2
8500 3.6 38.5 250 21 11 2.6 1.4 | 5.9 42.6 230 11 6 9.0 4.9
8250 3.9 39.0 250 19 10 7.9 4.3 | 6.5 43.7 225 10 5 8.6 4.7
8000 4.6 40.3 245 16 8 7.3 4.0 | 7.2 45.0 220 9 5 12.5 6.8
7750 4.5 40.1 240 11 6 -9.4 -5.1 | 8.4 47.1 215 9 4 20.5 11.3
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
03/23/2024 at 1500 MDT | 03/23/2024 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... +646.7 LI... -2.2 | CAPE... +319.2 LI... -1.0
CINH... -12.3 K Index... +24.5 | CINH... -27.5 K Index... +20.6
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -59.2 -74.6 265 71 37 0.7 0.4 | -59.1 -74.4 265 75 39 0.2 0.1
45000 -58.0 -72.4 265 95 49 0.8 0.4 | -58.8 -73.8 260 96 49 0.2 0.1
40000 -57.7 -71.9 265 113 58 0.2 0.1 | -57.9 -72.2 260 120 62 0.6 0.3
38000 -56.9 -70.4 265 114 58 3.6 2.0 | -56.9 -70.4 255 122 63 3.4 1.9
36000 -54.7 -66.5 265 104 54 3.6 2.0 | -54.9 -66.8 255 109 56 3.4 1.9
34000 -52.2 -62.0 265 93 48 5.5 3.0 | -52.8 -63.0 255 96 50 4.2 2.3
32000 -48.9 -56.0 260 78 40 5.4 2.9 | -49.2 -56.6 255 76 39 5.4 3.0
30000 -45.6 -50.1 260 64 33 6.5 3.6 | -45.9 -50.6 250 60 31 8.1 4.4
29000 -43.7 -46.7 255 61 32 6.4 3.5 | -43.5 -46.3 245 59 30 7.8 4.3
28000 -41.8 -43.2 255 59 31 6.4 3.5 | -41.2 -42.2 240 59 30 7.8 4.3
27000 -39.9 -39.8 250 57 30 6.2 3.4 | -38.9 -38.0 240 59 30 7.8 4.3
26000 -37.4 -35.3 250 53 27 9.2 5.0 | -36.4 -33.5 240 53 28 8.3 4.5
25000 -34.7 -30.5 255 47 24 9.2 5.0 | -34.0 -29.2 245 46 24 8.3 4.5
24000 -31.9 -25.4 255 42 22 9.2 5.1 | -31.5 -24.7 250 39 20 8.3 4.5
23000 -29.3 -20.7 255 40 21 8.6 4.7 | -29.0 -20.2 245 35 18 8.5 4.7
22000 -26.7 -16.1 255 39 20 8.6 4.7 | -26.5 -15.7 235 32 16 8.5 4.7
21000 -24.2 -11.6 250 39 20 8.5 4.7 | -23.9 -11.0 225 29 15 8.6 4.7
20000 -21.2 -6.2 245 34 17 7.8 4.3 | -21.8 -7.2 230 31 16 7.0 3.9
19500 -20.1 -4.2 240 32 16 7.8 4.3 | -20.7 -5.3 230 31 16 7.0 3.9
19000 -18.9 -2.0 235 30 16 7.8 4.3 | -19.2 -2.6 235 33 17 7.1 3.9
18500 -17.8 -0.0 230 29 15 7.4 4.1 | -18.1 -0.6 240 34 18 7.1 3.9
18000 -16.7 1.9 230 27 14 7.1 3.9 | -17.0 1.4 245 33 17 7.3 4.0
17500 -15.7 3.7 230 26 13 7.0 3.9 | -16.0 3.2 250 32 16 7.2 3.9
17000 -14.6 5.7 235 27 14 7.3 4.0 | -14.8 5.4 255 29 15 8.4 4.6
16500 -13.6 7.5 245 29 15 7.2 4.0 | -13.6 7.5 250 25 13 8.4 4.6
16000 -12.5 9.5 250 30 16 8.5 4.6 | -12.4 9.7 250 21 11 8.3 4.5
15500 -11.2 11.8 250 28 15 8.8 4.8 | -11.2 11.8 250 20 10 8.2 4.5
15000 -10.0 14.0 255 26 14 8.7 4.8 | -10.0 14.0 250 19 10 8.3 4.6
14500 -8.7 16.3 250 24 12 8.6 4.7 | -8.8 16.2 245 20 10 8.6 4.7
14000 -7.5 18.5 250 21 11 8.6 4.7 | -7.5 18.5 245 21 11 8.6 4.7
13500 -6.2 20.8 245 20 10 8.8 4.8 | -6.0 21.2 240 22 11 10.9 6.0
13000 -5.0 23.0 245 20 10 11.8 6.5 | -4.4 24.1 240 22 11 8.1 4.5
12500 -3.3 26.1 240 19 10 7.5 4.1 | -3.3 26.1 240 22 11 9.4 5.1
12000 -2.1 28.2 240 18 9 8.2 4.5 | -1.9 28.6 235 22 11 9.1 5.0
11750 -1.4 29.5 240 18 9 9.3 5.1 | -1.2 29.8 235 22 11 10.4 5.7
11500 -0.7 30.7 235 18 9 9.6 5.2 | -0.4 31.3 235 22 11 10.5 5.8
11250 -0.0 32.0 235 17 9 8.8 4.8 | 0.3 32.5 230 22 11 9.1 5.0
11000 0.6 33.1 230 17 9 9.4 5.1 | 1.0 33.8 230 22 11 9.7 5.3
10750 1.3 34.3 230 16 8 7.7 4.2 | 1.7 35.1 230 22 11 8.9 4.9
10500 1.8 35.2 225 16 8 6.6 3.6 | 2.4 36.3 230 22 11 8.4 4.6
10250 2.4 36.3 220 16 8 9.4 5.2 | 3.0 37.4 225 22 11 9.5 5.2
10000 3.1 37.6 215 15 8 10.9 6.0 | 3.8 38.8 225 22 11 10.4 5.7
9750 3.9 39.0 210 15 8 9.0 5.0 | 4.5 40.1 225 22 11 9.2 5.1
9500 4.5 40.1 210 15 8 7.5 4.1 | 5.1 41.2 220 21 11 7.8 4.3
9250 5.1 41.2 205 15 8 8.7 4.8 | 5.7 42.3 220 21 11 8.6 4.7
9000 5.8 42.4 200 15 8 9.8 5.4 | 6.4 43.5 215 21 11 10.6 5.8
8750 6.5 43.7 200 15 8 9.0 4.9 | 7.2 45.0 215 20 10 8.7 4.8
8500 7.1 44.8 195 14 7 8.1 4.4 | 7.7 45.9 210 20 10 6.6 3.6
8250 7.7 45.9 195 14 7 8.9 4.9 | 8.2 46.8 205 19 10 7.5 4.1
8000 8.3 46.9 190 14 7 8.8 4.8 | 8.7 47.7 205 18 9 6.7 3.7
7750 8.8 47.8 185 12 6 6.0 3.3 | 9.0 48.2 200 15 8 1.5 0.8
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC). It is not continuously monitored nor updated after its initial
issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the Air Force Academy
in Colorado Springs, Colorado at
North Latitude: 38 deg 58 min 48.000 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 49 min 12.000 sec
Elevation: 6572 feet (2003 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CIN (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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