National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Charles City
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cst) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
10 11:15 N 19 16.09 Fair CLR -2 -9 59% -7 77.19 0.0
10 10:55 NW 17 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW026 -2 -8 64% -7 77.24 0.0
10 10:35 NW 19 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW024 -2 -8 64% -7 77.27 0.0
10 10:15 N 15 G 24 16.09 Fair CLR -3 -8 69% -8 77.27 0.0
10 09:55 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -3 -7 74% -8 77.27 0.0
10 09:35 N 17 16.09 Fair CLR -4 -7 80% -9 77.27 0.0
10 09:15 N 19 16.09 Fair CLR -4 -7 80% -10 77.27 0.0
10 08:55 N 17 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -7 86% -10 77.29 0.0
10 08:35 N 17 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -7 86% -10 77.29 0.0
10 08:15 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.29 0.0
10 07:55 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -8 86% -11 77.27 0.0
10 07:35 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -8 93% -12 77.27 0.0
10 07:15 NW 11 16.09 Fair CLR -8 -9 93% -13 77.27 0.0
10 06:55 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -8 -9 93% -13 77.27 0.0
10 06:35 N 9 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -9 86% -11 77.27 0.0
10 06:15 N 13 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -9 86% -12 77.24 0.0
10 05:55 N 17 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -8 93% -13 77.24 0.0
10 05:35 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -8 93% -12 77.24 0.0
10 05:15 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -8 93% -12 77.24 0.0
10 04:55 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -7 100% -13 77.22 0.0
10 04:35 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -7 -7 100% -12 77.22 0.0
10 04:15 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -12 77.19 0.0
10 03:55 N 15 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.17 0.0
10 03:35 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.19 0.0
10 03:15 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.19 0.0
10 02:55 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.19 0.0
10 02:35 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -12 77.22 0.0
10 02:15 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.22 0.0
10 01:55 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -7 93% -11 77.19 0.0
10 01:35 NW 13 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW031 -6 -7 93% -11 77.22 0.0
10 01:15 NW 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN032 -5 -7 86% -10 77.22 0.0
10 00:55 NW 19 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW035 -5 -7 86% -11 77.19 0.0
10 00:35 NW 20 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN034 BKN040 -5 -7 86% -11 77.19 0.0
10 00:15 NW 20 G 33 16.09 Overcast BKN034 OVC042 -5 -7 86% -11 77.19 0.0
09 23:55 NW 24 16.09 Light Unknown Precip BKN042 OVC048 -5 -7 86% -12 77.19 0.0
09 23:35 NW 22 16.09 Overcast BKN043 OVC050 -5 -7 86% -11 77.22 0.0
09 23:15 NW 22 16.09 Mostly Cloudy FEW041 BKN049 BKN055 -5 -7 86% -11 77.22 0.0
09 22:55 NW 20 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -8 86% -12 77.19 0.0
09 22:35 NW 19 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -8 86% -12 77.19 0.0
09 22:15 NW 19 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -8 86% -12 77.17 0.0
09 21:55 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -8 86% -12 77.19 0.0
09 21:35 NW 17 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -8 86% -12 77.19 0.0
09 21:15 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -9 80% -12 77.19 0.0
09 20:55 NW 20 16.09 Fair CLR -6 -9 80% -12 77.17 0.0
09 20:35 NW 22 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW060 -5 -9 74% -11 77.17 0.0
09 20:15 NW 22 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 -5 -9 74% -11 77.17 0.0
09 19:55 NW 22 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC060 -5 -9 74% -11 77.17 0.0
09 19:35 NW 17 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC055 -4 -9 69% -9 77.17 0.0
09 18:55 NW 24 16.09 Overcast FEW044 OVC050 -4 -9 69% -10 77.14 0.0
09 18:35 NW 24 G 35 16.09 Overcast SCT037 BKN044 OVC050 -4 -9 69% -10 77.14 0.0
09 18:15 NW 24 G 41 16.09 Light Snow OVC037 -4 -8 74% -10 77.14 0.0
09 17:55 NW 31 14.48 Overcast FEW029 BKN037 OVC043 -3 -8 69% -10 77.14 0.0
09 17:35 NW 28 G 37 16.09 Overcast BKN037 OVC043 -3 -9 64% -10 77.11 0.0
09 17:15 NW 26 G 39 16.09 Light Unknown Precip OVC037 -3 -9 64% -9 77.11 0.0
09 16:55 NW 30 16.09 Overcast OVC042 -3 -9 64% -10 77.11 0.0
09 16:35 NW 28 G 43 16.09 Overcast OVC042 -3 -9 64% -10 77.09 0.0
09 16:15 NW 30 G 44 16.09 Overcast OVC040 -3 -9 64% -10 77.09 0.0
09 15:55 NW 31 G 41 16.09 Overcast SCT035 OVC042 -3 -9 64% -10 77.06 0.0
09 15:35 NW 33 G 48 16.09 Light Snow and Breezy SCT036 OVC042 -3 -9 64% -10 77.06 0.0
09 15:15 NW 30 16.09 Light Snow FEW029 BKN040 OVC045 -3 -8 69% -10 77.04 0.0
09 14:55 NW 31 14.48 Overcast SCT032 BKN039 OVC045 -3 -8 69% -10 77.04 0.0
09 14:35 NW 37 16.09 Light Snow and Breezy FEW030 OVC037 -3 -8 69% -11 77.01 0.0
09 14:15 NW 28 G 44 8.05 Light Snow FEW030 BKN036 -3 -7 74% -10 77.01 0.0
09 13:55 NW 31 G 46 16.09 Overcast OVC037 -2 -9 59% -9 76.99 0.0
09 13:35 NW 28 G 43 16.09 Overcast OVC036 -2 -9 59% -8 76.99 0.0
09 13:15 NW 28 G 48 16.09 Overcast BKN036 OVC043 -2 -9 59% -8 76.99 0.0
09 12:55 NW 33 G 48 16.09 Overcast and Breezy BKN036 OVC043 -2 -10 55% -9 76.99 0.0
09 12:35 NW 37 G 48 16.09 Mostly Cloudy and Breezy BKN034 BKN040 -2 -8 64% -9 76.99 0.0
09 12:15 NW 28 G 46 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN032 -2 -8 64% -8 76.99 0.0
09 11:55 NW 33 G 52 16.09 Mostly Cloudy and Breezy BKN031 -2 -9 59% -9 77.01 0.0
09 11:35 NW 37 G 52 16.09 Partly Cloudy and Breezy SCT030 -2 -8 64% -9 77.01 0.0
09 11:15 NW 37 G 48 16.09 Mostly Cloudy and Breezy BKN030 -3 -8 69% -11 77.01 0.0
09 10:55 N 31 G 46 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT029 -3 -8 69% -10 77.01 0.0
09 10:35 NW 30 G 48 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT029 -3 -8 69% -10 77.01 0.0
09 10:15 NW 31 G 43 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN028 -4 -8 74% -11 77.01 0.0
09 09:55 NW 30 G 44 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN030 -4 -8 74% -11 77.01 0.0
09 09:35 NW 35 G 54 16.09 Partly Cloudy and Breezy SCT031 -4 -8 74% -12 77.01 0.0
09 09:15 N 31 G 46 16.09 Fair CLR -4 -8 74% -11 76.99 0.0
09 08:55 N 30 G 43 16.09 Fair CLR -4 -8 74% -11 76.99 0.0
09 08:35 N 31 G 46 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -9 74% -13 76.96 0.0
09 08:15 N 33 G 46 16.09 Fair and Breezy CLR -5 -9 74% -13 76.96 0.0
09 07:55 N 39 G 48 16.09 Fair and Breezy CLR -5 -9 74% -13 76.94 0.0
09 07:35 N 31 G 43 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -9 74% -13 76.94 0.0
09 07:15 N 30 G 46 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -9 74% -12 76.91 0.0
09 06:55 N 31 G 44 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW027 FEW041 -5 -9 74% -13 76.86 0.0
09 06:35 N 33 16.09 Partly Cloudy and Breezy FEW027 SCT041 -5 -8 80% -13 76.81 0.0
09 06:15 N 33 G 43 16.09 Fair and Breezy CLR -5 -7 86% -13 76.78 0.0
09 05:55 N 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy FEW024 SCT032 BKN044 -4 -6 86% -11 76.76 0.0
09 05:35 NW 26 11.27 Light Snow FEW027 SCT034 BKN043 -4 -5 93% -11 76.73 0.0
09 05:15 N 22 16.09 Light Snow FEW025 SCT036 OVC044 -4 -5 93% -10 76.71 0.0
09 04:55 NW 24 G 35 8.05 Light Snow SCT023 BKN028 OVC034 -4 -5 93% -10 76.71 0.0
09 04:35 NW 22 G 33 9.66 Light Snow SCT028 BKN033 OVC047 -4 -6 86% -10 76.68 0.0
09 04:15 NW 22 16.09 Light Unknown Precip BKN032 BKN048 -4 -6 86% -10 76.68 0.0
09 03:55 NW 20 16.09 Mostly Cloudy FEW033 BKN048 -4 -7 80% -10 76.66 0.0
09 03:35 N 19 G 30 16.09 Partly Cloudy FEW023 FEW033 SCT041 -5 -7 86% -11 76.66 0.0
09 03:15 N 22 G 33 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 SCT047 -5 -7 86% -11 76.63 0.0
09 02:55 NW 24 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -7 86% -12 76.63 0.0
09 02:35 N 24 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR -5 -7 86% -12 76.63 0.0
09 02:15 N 28 G 37 16.09 Fair CLR -4 -7 80% -11 76.61 0.0
09 01:55 N 26 G 35 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW140 -4 -7 80% -11 76.61 0.0
09 01:35 N 28 G 37 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW140 -4 -7 80% -11 76.56 0.0
09 01:15 N 28 G 43 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW140 -4 -7 80% -11 76.53 0.0
09 00:55 N 31 G 48 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW075 -3 -6 80% -10 76.5 0.0
09 00:35 N 30 G 48 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT070 BKN080 -3 -5 86% -10 76.5 0.0
09 00:15 N 39 G 52 16.09 Overcast and Breezy OVC075 -2 -5 80% -9 76.45 0.0
08 23:55 N 31 G 46 16.09 Overcast OVC075 -2 -4 86% -9 76.43 0.0
08 23:35 NW 30 G 44 16.09 Overcast OVC075 -2 -5 80% -9 76.43 0.0
08 23:15 N 30 G 41 16.09 Overcast OVC080 -2 -5 80% -9 76.38 0.0
08 22:55 N 30 G 39 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT070 BKN080 -2 -5 80% -9 76.35 0.0
08 22:35 NW 28 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC080 -2 -4 86% -8 76.35 0.0
08 22:15 N 24 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN070 BKN080 -1 -4 80% -7 76.33 0.0
08 21:55 N 28 G 37 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW080 -1 -4 80% -7 76.33 0.0
08 21:35 N 22 G 33 16.09 A Few Clouds FEW060 -1 -3 86% -6 76.3 0.0
08 21:15 N 22 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 BKN080 0 -2 87% -5 76.28 0.0
08 20:55 N 28 G 39 16.09 Overcast BKN060 OVC080 0 -2 87% -6 76.25 0.0
08 20:35 N 26 16.09 Overcast OVC065 0 -1 93% -6 76.25 0.0
08 20:15 N 20 16.09 Overcast BKN055 OVC070 0 0 100% -5 76.23 0.0
08 19:55 N 22 16.09 Overcast FEW015 OVC060 0 0 100% -5 76.2 0.0
08 19:35 N 24 G 41 12.87 Overcast FEW007 BKN013 OVC060 0 0 100% -5 76.17 0.0
08 19:15 N 24 6.44 Light Snow FEW003 BKN007 BKN011 0 0 100% -5 76.17 0.0
08 18:55 N 31 2.82 Light Snow SCT003 BKN006 BKN010 0 0 100% -6 76.15 0.0
08 18:35 N 30 G 44 3.22 Light Snow SCT006 BKN009 BKN015 1 1 100% -5 76.12 0.0
08 18:15 N 19 3.22 Light Snow FEW007 SCT015 BKN023 1 1 100% -3 76.1 0.0
08 17:55 N 24 8.05 Light Snow BKN006 BKN010 OVC015 1 1 100% -4 76.05 0.0 0.03
08 17:35 N 22 11.27 Light Snow BKN006 BKN011 OVC021 1 1 100% -4 76.02 0.0
08 17:15 N 19 11.27 Mostly Cloudy SCT007 SCT021 BKN026 2 2 100% -2 76 0.0
08 16:55 N 17 12.87 Overcast SCT019 OVC026 2 2 100% -2 75.97 0.0
08 16:35 N 20 8.05 Light Snow SCT008 BKN014 BKN019 2 2 100% -2 75.97 0.0
08 16:15 N 17 8.05 Light Unknown Precip BKN008 BKN015 2 2 100% -2 75.95 0.0
08 15:55 N 19 14.48 Overcast SCT007 BKN012 OVC017 2 2 100% -2 75.92 0.0 0.03
08 15:35 N 15 14.48 Mostly Cloudy SCT008 BKN015 2 2 100% -2 75.9 0.0
08 15:15 N 19 12.87 Light Rain SCT007 2 2 100% -2 75.87 0.0
08 14:55 N 20 9.66 Light Rain SCT008 SCT014 2 2 100% -2 75.84 0.0 0.03
08 14:15 N 19 G 28 9.66 Light Rain BKN007 BKN010 2 2 100% -2 75.84 0.0
08 13:55 N 22 8.05 Light Rain BKN007 BKN010 2 2 100% -3 75.84 0.0 0.08
08 13:35 N 15 9.66 Light Rain BKN008 BKN013 BKN020 3 3 100% -0 75.84 0.0
08 13:15 N 15 9.66 Light Rain BKN010 3 3 100% -0 75.84 0.0
08 12:55 N 15 8.05 Light Rain FEW010 SCT013 SCT023 3 3 100% -0 75.84 0.0 0.05
08 12:35 NE 11 6.44 Light Rain FEW012 SCT023 3 3 100% 0 75.84 0.0
08 12:15 N 13 4.83 Light Rain SCT013 SCT021 3 3 100% 0 75.87 0.0
08 11:55 NE 9 4.83 Light Rain SCT013 SCT021 4 3 93% 2 75.87 0.0
08 11:35 N 9 6.44 Light Rain FEW013 SCT018 SCT023 4 3 93% 2 75.9 0.0
08 11:15 NE 7 8.05 Light Unknown Precip FEW017 FEW025 4 3 93% 2 75.92 0.0
08 10:55 NE 6 14.48 Light Unknown Precip FEW025 4 3 93% 75.92 0.0
08 10:35 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 4 2 87% 2 75.92 0.0
08 10:15 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 4 2 87% 2 75.92 0.0
08 09:55 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 4 2 87% 2 75.92 0.0
08 09:35 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 3 2 93% 0 75.9 0.0
08 09:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 3 2 93% 1 75.9 0.0
08 08:55 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 3 2 93% 1 75.9 0.0
08 08:35 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 2 2 100% -1 75.87 0.0
08 08:15 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 1 1 100% -2 75.87 0.0
08 07:55 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 1 1 100% -1 75.87 0.0
08 07:35 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT095 1 1 100% -1 75.87 0.0
08 07:15 NE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC095 0 0 100% -2 75.84 0.0
08 06:55 NE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC090 0 0 100% -3 75.84 0.0
08 06:35 N 7 16.09 Overcast FEW080 BKN090 OVC110 0 0 100% -2 75.82 0.0
08 06:15 NE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC110 0 0 100% -2 75.79 0.0
08 05:55 N 7 16.09 Overcast OVC110 0 0 100% -2 75.82 0.0
08 05:35 N 6 16.09 Overcast OVC110 0 0 100% 75.82 0.0
08 05:15 NW 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN120 0 0 100% -3 75.82 0.0
08 04:55 N 7 14.48 A Few Clouds FEW120 -1 -1 100% -3 75.82 0.0
08 04:35 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR -1 -1 100% -4 75.82 0.0
08 04:15 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% -3 75.79 0.0
08 03:55 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% 75.79 0.0
08 03:35 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% -2 75.79 0.0
08 03:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% -2 75.79 0.0
08 02:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% -3 75.79 0.0
08 02:35 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% -2 75.79 0.0
08 02:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 0 0 100% -2 75.77 0.0
08 01:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 1 1 100% -2 75.79 0.0
08 01:35 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 1 0 93% -1 75.79 0.0
08 01:15 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR 1 1 100% 75.77 0.0
08 00:55 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 2 1 93% 0 75.74 0.0
08 00:35 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 2 1 93% 0 75.77 0.0
08 00:15 NW 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN039 3 1 87% 1 75.79 0.0
07 23:55 NW 9 16.09 Overcast OVC038 4 2 87% 2 75.79 0.0
07 23:35 NW 9 16.09 Overcast OVC037 4 2 87% 2 75.79 0.0
07 23:15 NW 9 16.09 Overcast OVC036 4 2 87% 2 75.79 0.0
07 22:55 NW 13 16.09 Overcast OVC035 5 2 81% 2 75.77 0.0
07 22:35 NW 17 16.09 Overcast OVC034 5 2 81% 2 75.77 0.0
07 22:15 NW 15 16.09 Overcast BKN029 OVC033 5 2 81% 2 75.74 0.0
07 21:55 NW 15 16.09 Overcast OVC029 5 3 87% 2 75.74 0.0
07 21:35 NW 17 16.09 Overcast OVC030 5 3 87% 2 75.72 0.0
07 21:15 NW 17 16.09 Overcast OVC030 5 3 87% 2 75.69 0.0
07 20:55 NW 17 16.09 Overcast OVC031 5 3 87% 2 75.69 0.0
07 20:35 NW 19 16.09 Overcast OVC031 5 3 87% 2 75.69 0.0
07 20:15 NW 19 16.09 Overcast OVC032 5 3 87% 2 75.67 0.0
07 19:55 NW 19 16.09 Overcast FEW028 OVC036 5 3 87% 2 75.64 0.0
07 19:35 NW 19 16.09 Overcast FEW020 BKN028 OVC037 5 3 87% 2 75.64 0.0
07 19:15 NW 20 16.09 Overcast SCT020 BKN028 OVC035 6 3 81% 3 75.64 0.0
07 18:55 NW 22 16.09 Overcast BKN024 OVC034 6 4 87% 2 75.62 0.0
07 18:35 NW 17 16.09 Overcast BKN021 BKN026 OVC034 5 4 93% 2 75.62 0.0
07 18:15 NW 20 G 30 16.09 Overcast FEW018 BKN024 OVC033 5 4 93% 1 75.59 0.0
07 17:55 NW 20 G 33 14.48 Overcast BKN020 OVC026 5 5 100% 1 75.57 0.0
07 17:35 NW 28 G 39 9.66 Light Unknown Precip FEW016 OVC023 6 5 93% 2 75.57 0.0
07 17:15 NW 30 G 39 16.09 Overcast BKN024 OVC034 7 3 76% 3 75.51 0.0
07 16:55 NW 26 G 39 16.09 Overcast OVC024 7 3 76% 3 75.49 0.0
07 16:35 NW 26 16.09 Overcast BKN024 OVC030 7 3 76% 3 75.46 0.0
07 16:15 NW 28 G 41 16.09 Overcast BKN024 BKN028 OVC038 8 3 71% 4 75.44 0.0
07 15:55 NW 28 G 43 16.09 Overcast BKN026 OVC039 8 4 76% 4 75.41 0.0
07 15:35 NW 31 G 48 16.09 Overcast BKN026 OVC041 9 4 71% 5 75.39 0.0
07 15:15 NW 31 G 44 16.09 Overcast BKN025 OVC041 9 4 71% 5 75.36 0.0
07 14:55 NW 28 G 41 16.09 Overcast FEW027 BKN039 OVC046 10 4 67% 7 75.34 0.0
07 14:35 NW 31 16.09 Overcast SCT034 BKN040 OVC048 10 5 71% 7 75.29 0.0
07 14:15 NW 28 G 43 16.09 Overcast BKN035 OVC048 10 5 71% 7 75.29 0.0
07 13:55 NW 31 G 44 16.09 Overcast OVC035 10 5 71% 7 75.23 0.0
07 13:35 NW 37 G 48 16.09 Overcast and Breezy BKN036 OVC044 12 4 58% 75.21 0.0
07 13:15 W 24 G 37 16.09 Partly Cloudy FEW040 SCT046 SCT085 13 4 55% 75.18 0.0
07 12:55 NW 33 16.09 A Few Clouds and Breezy FEW085 FEW120 13 4 55% 75.18 0.0
07 12:35 W 31 16.09 Fair CLR 14 4 51% 75.18 0.0
07 12:15 W 28 16.09 Fair CLR 14 4 51% 75.18 0.0
07 11:55 W 24 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 14 4 51% 75.18 0.0
07 11:35 W 22 G 35 16.09 NULL NULL 14 4 51% 75.18 0.0
Date Time (cst) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)