National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Cottonwood Pass
Imperial (Metric)
Date Time (mdt) Wind (mph) Vis. (mi.) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºF) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°F) Heat Index (°F) Pressure Precipitation (in)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (in) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
24 14:55 Calm 0.15 Heavy Snow OVC002 33.8 32 93% 30.37 0.0
24 14:35 Calm 0.15 Heavy Snow OVC002 33.8 33.8 100% 30.37 0.0
24 14:15 Calm 0.25 Snow OVC002 33.8 33.8 100% 30.37 0.0
24 13:55 Calm 0.15 Heavy Snow OVC002 33.8 33.8 100% 30.37 0.0
24 13:35 Calm 0.15 Light Snow OVC002 33.8 33.8 100% 30.36 0.0
24 13:15 Calm 0.25 Light Snow OVC004 33.8 33.8 100% 30.36 0.0
24 12:55 Calm 0.75 Snow BKN004 OVC013 33.8 33.8 100% 30.37 0.0
24 12:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC017 33.8 33.8 100% 30.37 0.0
24 12:15 Calm 0.50 Light Snow OVC001 33.8 33.8 100% 30.38 0.0
24 11:55 Calm 0.75 Thunderstorm Light Snow in Vicinity OVC001 33.8 33.8 100% 30.39 0.0
24 11:35 Calm 0.15 Thunderstorm Snow in Vicinity OVC003 33.8 33.8 100% 30.4 0.0
24 11:15 SE 3 0.50 Snow OVC005 33.8 32 93% 30.41 0.0
24 10:55 Calm 7.00 Light Snow SCT026 OVC030 35.6 32 87% 30.39 0.0
24 10:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast SCT020 OVC027 35.6 32 87% 30.39 0.0
24 10:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast SCT010 OVC018 35.6 32 87% 30.39 0.0
24 09:55 Calm 5.00 Thunderstorm Light Snow in Vicinity SCT003 BKN012 OVC018 33.8 33.8 100% 30.4 0.0
24 09:35 Calm 4.00 Light Snow SCT002 OVC016 35.6 33.8 93% 30.4 0.0
24 09:15 Calm 2.00 Light Snow BKN002 OVC014 33.8 32 93% 30.4 0.0
24 08:55 Calm 4.00 Thunderstorm Light Snow in Vicinity SCT015 BKN021 OVC031 35.6 32 87% 30.4 0.0
24 08:35 Calm 3.00 Light Snow SCT015 OVC026 37.4 32 81% 30.39 0.0
24 08:15 SE 8 10.00 Overcast BKN028 BKN044 OVC060 41 32 70% 36 30.37 0.0
24 07:55 SE 5 10.00 Overcast SCT035 BKN042 OVC060 39.2 32 75% 36 30.35 0.0
24 07:35 SE 7 10.00 Overcast SCT035 BKN043 OVC050 39.2 32 75% 35 30.35 0.0
24 07:15 SE 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT045 39.2 32 75% 30.33 0.0
24 06:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 32 70% 30.33 0.0
24 06:35 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT033 41 32 70% 30.33 0.0
24 06:15 Calm 10.00 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT033 SCT055 41 30.2 66% 30.31 0.0
24 05:55 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 41 28.4 61% 30.31 0.0
24 05:35 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 41 26.6 57% 30.31 0.0
24 05:15 NW 3 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 41 24.8 53% 30.3 0.0
24 04:55 W 5 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 41 24.8 53% 38 30.3 0.0
24 04:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 24.8 53% 30.3 0.0
24 04:15 W 7 10.00 Fair CLR 41 23 49% 37 30.29 0.0
24 03:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 24.8 53% 30.29 0.0
24 03:35 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 41 24.8 53% 30.29 0.0
24 03:15 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT065 41 26.6 57% 30.3 0.0
24 02:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 BKN075 41 26.6 57% 30.3 0.0
24 02:35 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT065 BKN075 41 26.6 57% 30.31 0.0
24 02:15 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 BKN075 41 28.4 61% 30.31 0.0
24 01:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC070 42.8 28.4 57% 30.31 0.0
24 01:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC070 41 24.8 53% 30.29 0.0
24 01:15 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT070 41 26.6 57% 30.29 0.0
24 00:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 30.29 0.0
24 00:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 30.27 0.0
24 00:15 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 30.27 0.0
23 23:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 21.2 42% 30.27 0.0
23 23:35 W 3 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 30.27 0.0
23 23:15 W 5 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 41 30.27 0.0
23 22:55 W 5 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 41 30.27 0.0
23 22:35 W 7 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 23 46% 39 30.26 0.0
23 22:15 W 7 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 41 30.25 0.0
23 21:55 W 9 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 40 30.25 0.0
23 21:35 W 8 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 41 30.25 0.0
23 21:15 SW 10 G 16 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 40 30.25 0.0
23 20:55 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 40 30.24 0.0
23 20:35 W 10 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 40 30.25 0.0
23 20:15 W 9 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 23 43% 40 30.25 0.0
23 19:55 W 6 10.00 Fair CLR 46.4 21.2 37% 44 30.25 0.0
23 19:35 W 5 10.00 Fair CLR 46.4 23 40% 45 30.25 0.0
23 19:15 NW 6 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT070 44.6 23 43% 42 30.24 0.0
23 18:55 W 7 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT070 46.4 21.2 37% 43 30.24 0.0
23 18:35 W 5 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 17.6 29% 47 30.23 0.0
23 18:15 S 8 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 19.4 32% 45 30.22 0.0
23 17:55 S 13 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 50 21.2 32% 46 30.21 0.0
23 17:35 S 6 10.00 Fair CLR 50 23 35% 48 30.21 0.0
23 17:15 SW 5 G 17 10.00 Fair CLR 50 23 35% 49 30.21 0.0
23 16:55 S 15 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 23 32% 30.21 0.0
23 16:35 S 10 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 26.6 38% 30.2 0.0
23 16:15 SW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 30.2 41% 30.2 0.0
23 15:55 SW 7 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 30.2 44% 30.2 0.0
23 15:35 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 28.4 41% 30.2 0.0
23 15:15 S 16 G 30 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT040 SCT055 SCT070 51.8 28.4 41% 30.19 0.0
23 14:55 S 18 G 29 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 24.8 33% 30.18 0.0
23 14:35 S 20 G 30 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 24.8 33% 30.18 0.0
23 14:15 SW 12 G 29 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 26.6 38% 30.19 0.0
23 13:55 SW 9 G 18 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 30.2 41% 30.19 0.0
23 13:35 SW 7 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 28.4 38% 30.19 0.0
23 13:15 SW 6 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 30.2 41% 30.19 0.0
23 12:55 SW 15 G 29 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 28.4 41% 30.21 0.0
23 12:35 SW 16 G 37 10.00 Fair CLR 50 28.4 43% 45 30.2 0.0
23 12:15 W 7 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 30.2 44% 30.21 0.0
23 11:55 S 10 G 16 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 32 47% 30.22 0.0
23 11:35 SW 5 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 39.2 71% 47 30.23 0.0
23 11:15 S 15 G 22 10.00 Fair CLR 46.4 39.2 76% 41 30.22 0.0
23 10:55 S 6 10.00 Fair CLR 46.4 37.4 71% 44 30.23 0.0
23 10:35 SW 7 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT001 SCT048 44.6 41 87% 41 30.24 0.0
23 10:15 SE 7 1.75 Fog/Mist BKN001 42.8 41 93% 39 30.24 0.0
23 09:55 SW 5 1.75 Mostly Cloudy with Haze BKN001 42.8 37.4 81% 41 30.23 0.0
23 09:35 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 41 39.2 93% 30.24 0.0
23 09:15 Calm 7.00 Fair CLR 39.2 35.6 87% 30.24 0.0
23 08:55 Calm 1.25 Fog/Mist BKN001 BKN049 37.4 37.4 100% 30.23 0.0
23 08:35 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 39.2 37.4 93% 30.22 0.0
23 08:15 Calm 0.25 Fog OVC001 39.2 37.4 93% 30.22 0.0
23 07:55 N 5 0.15 Fog OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 34 30.22 0.0
23 07:35 Calm 0.25 Light Rain OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 30.22 0.0
23 07:16 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 30.21 0.0
23 06:55 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 30.21 0.0
23 06:35 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 30.23 0.0
23 06:15 Calm 0.25 Fog OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 30.24 0.0
23 05:55 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC001 37.4 37.4 100% 30.23 0.0
23 05:35 Calm 0.25 Light Drizzle OVC001 39.2 37.4 93% 30.23 0.0
23 05:15 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 39.2 37.4 93% 30.23 0.0
23 04:55 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 39.2 37.4 93% 30.22 0.0
23 04:35 Calm 0.25 Fog OVC001 39.2 37.4 93% 30.22 0.0
23 04:15 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 39.2 39.2 100% 30.23 0.0
23 03:55 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 39.2 39.2 100% 30.23 0.0
23 03:35 Calm 0.15 Thunderstorm in Vicinity Fog OVC001 41 39.2 93% 30.24 0.0
23 03:15 SE 7 0.50 Fog BKN001 OVC042 41 39.2 93% 37 30.25 0.0
23 02:55 Calm 0.25 Light Rain OVC001 41 39.2 93% 30.25 0.0
23 02:35 N 3 0.15 Light Rain OVC001 41 41 100% 30.27 0.0
23 02:15 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 41 41 100% 30.28 0.0
23 01:55 Calm 0.25 Fog OVC001 41 41 100% 30.28 0.0
23 01:35 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 41 41 100% 30.28 0.0
23 01:15 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 41 41 100% 30.29 0.0
23 00:55 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 41 41 100% 30.29 0.0
23 00:35 Calm 0.25 Rain OVC001 41 41 100% 30.3 0.0
23 00:15 Calm 0.25 Rain OVC001 41 41 100% 30.33 0.0
22 23:55 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC001 42.8 41 93% 30.33 0.0
22 23:35 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC001 42.8 41 93% 30.33 0.0
22 23:15 Calm 10.00 Rain SCT001 SCT011 OVC019 41 41 100% 30.33 0.0
22 22:55 Calm 1.00 Rain SCT001 OVC021 41 41 100% 30.34 0.0
22 22:35 Calm 1.00 Light Rain BKN002 BKN013 OVC021 41 41 100% 30.35 0.0
22 22:15 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.35 0.0
22 21:55 Calm 0.15 Rain OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.35 0.0
22 21:35 Calm 0.25 Rain OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.35 0.0
22 21:15 Calm 0.15 Drizzle OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.35 0.0
22 20:55 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.37 0.0
22 20:35 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.37 0.0
22 20:15 Calm 0.15 Light Rain OVC002 42.8 41 93% 30.37 0.0
22 19:55 N 6 2.00 Fog/Mist BKN002 BKN007 OVC042 42.8 42.8 100% 40 30.35 0.0
22 19:35 N 3 0.15 Fog OVC002 42.8 42.8 100% 30.35 0.0
22 19:15 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC002 42.8 42.8 100% 30.35 0.0
22 18:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast SCT002 SCT006 OVC010 42.8 42.8 100% 30.35 0.0
22 18:35 Calm 1.50 Thunderstorm in Vicinity Fog/Mist BKN002 BKN007 OVC011 42.8 42.8 100% 30.35 0.0
22 18:15 Calm 0.75 Fog/Mist OVC006 42.8 42.8 100% 30.36 0.0
22 17:55 Calm 0.25 Fog OVC003 42.8 42.8 100% 30.36 0.0
22 17:35 Calm 1.25 Fog/Mist OVC001 42.8 42.8 100% 30.37 0.0
22 17:15 Calm 7.00 Thunderstorm Drizzle in Vicinity SCT001 BKN036 OVC050 44.6 42.8 93% 30.38 0.0
22 16:55 Calm 0.75 Fog/Mist OVC001 44.6 42.8 93% 30.39 0.0
22 16:15 E 3 0.15 Light Snow OVC001 44.6 42.8 93% 30.39 0.0
22 15:55 SW 3 10.00 Overcast SCT001 BKN024 OVC046 44.6 41 87% 30.42 0.0
22 15:35 Calm 2.00 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity BKN003 BKN011 OVC019 44.6 42.8 93% 30.4 0.0
22 15:15 Calm 0.75 Rain BKN001 OVC006 44.6 42.8 93% 30.43 0.0
22 14:55 Calm 0.75 Rain OVC001 44.6 44.6 100% 30.42 0.0
22 14:35 Calm 1.50 Light Rain BKN001 BKN005 OVC010 44.6 44.6 100% 30.41 0.0
22 14:15 Calm 7.00 Rain BKN003 BKN009 OVC022 44.6 44.6 100% 30.41 0.0
22 13:55 Calm 4.00 Light Rain OVC003 44.6 44.6 100% 30.43 0.0
22 13:35 Calm 3.00 Fog/Mist OVC001 44.6 44.6 100% 30.43 0.0
22 13:15 Calm 2.50 Fog/Mist OVC001 46.4 44.6 93% 30.43 0.0
22 12:55 SE 7 0.25 Fog OVC001 46.4 44.6 93% 43 30.45 0.0
22 12:35 Calm 0.15 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity OVC001 46.4 44.6 93% 30.45 0.0
22 12:15 Calm 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT003 BKN022 OVC080 44.6 44.6 100% 30.47 0.0
22 11:55 SE 3 5.00 Light Rain SCT003 BKN025 OVC035 42.8 42.8 100% 30.47 0.0
22 11:35 Calm 0.50 Rain OVC001 42.8 42.8 100% 30.48 0.0
22 11:15 Calm 0.15 Fog OVC001 42.8 42.8 100% 30.48 0.0
22 10:55 Calm 0.15 Thunderstorm in Vicinity Fog OVC001 42.8 42.8 100% 30.49 0.0
22 10:35 Calm 0.50 Light Rain BKN001 BKN007 OVC036 42.8 42.8 100% 30.49 0.0
22 10:15 Calm 0.50 Light Rain BKN001 BKN016 OVC040 42.8 42.8 100% 30.5 0.0
22 09:55 Calm 2.00 Drizzle BKN001 BKN026 OVC040 42.8 41 93% 30.5 0.0
22 09:35 Calm 1.25 Fog/Mist OVC001 41 41 100% 30.51 0.0
22 09:15 Calm 4.00 Fog/Mist BKN001 BKN060 BKN080 42.8 41 93% 30.51 0.0
22 08:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT002 BKN080 42.8 41 93% 30.5 0.0
22 08:35 SE 9 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT002 BKN080 BKN110 41 41 100% 36 30.5 0.0
22 08:15 SE 10 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT110 41 39.2 93% 35 30.49 0.0
22 07:55 SE 8 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 37.4 81% 39 30.48 0.0
22 07:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 37.4 81% 30.48 0.0
22 07:15 W 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT085 41 39.2 93% 30.49 0.0
22 06:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN095 41 39.2 93% 30.49 0.0
22 06:35 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT049 SCT070 BKN095 41 39.2 93% 30.49 0.0
22 06:15 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT045 SCT055 SCT065 41 39.2 93% 30.5 0.0
22 05:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT045 SCT100 BKN120 41 39.2 93% 30.49 0.0
22 05:35 SE 3 10.00 Overcast OVC043 42.8 39.2 87% 30.49 0.0
22 05:15 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT043 BKN050 42.8 37.4 81% 30.49 0.0
22 04:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 39.2 93% 30.48 0.0
22 04:35 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT110 42.8 39.2 87% 30.47 0.0
22 04:15 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT001 SCT100 BKN120 42.8 39.2 87% 30.47 0.0
22 03:55 SE 5 0.25 Fog OVC001 41 39.2 93% 38 30.48 0.0
22 03:35 Calm 7.00 Light Rain BKN026 OVC032 41 39.2 93% 30.49 0.0
22 03:15 W 6 10.00 Light Rain SCT026 BKN032 OVC055 42.8 39.2 87% 40 30.51 0.0
22 02:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT060 BKN085 42.8 37.4 81% 30.51 0.0
22 02:35 SE 6 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT047 SCT060 OVC085 41 37.4 87% 38 30.5 0.0
22 02:15 SE 3 10.00 Light Rain SCT055 BKN065 OVC095 41 39.2 93% 30.51 0.0
22 01:55 SE 6 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT001 SCT095 SCT120 41 39.2 93% 38 30.51 0.0
22 01:35 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT046 SCT065 SCT120 41 37.4 87% 30.5 0.0
22 01:15 NW 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT075 SCT085 41 37.4 87% 30.49 0.0
22 00:55 W 5 10.00 Light Rain BKN065 BKN075 OVC100 41 37.4 87% 38 30.5 0.0
22 00:35 NW 7 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN055 BKN080 BKN100 41 37.4 87% 37 30.51 0.0
22 00:15 Calm 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT029 SCT043 OVC055 41 37.4 87% 30.53 0.0
21 23:55 Calm 10.00 Drizzle BKN028 OVC036 41 37.4 87% 30.54 0.0
21 23:35 NW 3 10.00 Drizzle SCT030 BKN036 OVC050 41 39.2 93% 30.56 0.0
21 23:15 Calm 10.00 Light Rain SCT030 BKN037 OVC050 41 39.2 93% 30.55 0.0
21 22:55 Calm 10.00 Light Rain BKN030 BKN035 OVC055 41 39.2 93% 30.55 0.0
21 22:35 Calm 10.00 Rain BKN034 OVC055 41 37.4 87% 30.56 0.0
21 22:15 Calm 10.00 Drizzle BKN034 OVC045 41 37.4 87% 30.55 0.0
21 21:55 Calm 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT040 SCT046 OVC055 41 39.2 93% 30.54 0.0
21 21:35 Calm 10.00 Light Rain SCT024 BKN055 OVC070 41 39.2 93% 30.54 0.0
21 21:15 Calm 10.00 Drizzle SCT027 BKN046 OVC065 41 39.2 93% 30.55 0.0
21 20:55 Calm 10.00 Light Rain SCT020 BKN036 OVC050 41 39.2 93% 30.55 0.0
21 20:35 Calm 5.00 Rain BKN021 OVC028 41 39.2 93% 30.55 0.0
21 20:15 Calm 3.00 Rain BKN021 OVC026 41 41 100% 30.55 0.0
21 19:55 Calm 3.00 Rain SCT007 BKN027 OVC031 41 41 100% 30.55 0.0
21 19:35 Calm 7.00 Rain SCT004 BKN008 OVC032 41 41 100% 30.54 0.0
21 19:15 Calm 10.00 Light Rain SCT015 BKN019 OVC032 41 41 100% 30.54 0.0
21 18:55 Calm 7.00 Light Rain BKN021 OVC030 42.8 39.2 87% 30.53 0.0
21 18:35 Calm 10.00 Light Rain SCT023 SCT030 OVC039 42.8 37.4 81% 30.53 0.0
21 18:15 W 3 10.00 Overcast SCT041 OVC050 42.8 37.4 81% 30.52 0.0
21 17:55 W 3 10.00 Overcast SCT023 SCT027 OVC055 42.8 37.4 81% 30.52 0.0
21 17:35 Calm 10.00 Light Rain OVC029 42.8 37.4 81% 30.53 0.0
21 17:15 W 9 G 16 10.00 Light Rain SCT024 BKN030 OVC035 42.8 37.4 81% 38 30.54 0.0
21 16:55 SW 14 G 18 7.00 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT016 SCT022 OVC035 42.8 37.4 81% 36 30.54 0.0
21 16:35 W 10 G 17 10.00 Rain SCT026 BKN033 OVC042 44.6 37.4 76% 40 30.52 0.0
21 16:15 W 7 10.00 Rain BKN033 OVC041 44.6 37.4 76% 41 30.51 0.0
21 15:55 W 9 10.00 Drizzle SCT027 SCT031 OVC041 44.6 37.4 76% 40 30.51 0.0
21 15:35 W 9 10.00 Drizzle SCT027 BKN035 OVC042 46.4 35.6 66% 42 30.51 0.0
21 15:15 W 8 10.00 Light Drizzle BKN040 OVC046 48.2 33.8 58% 45 30.51 0.0
Date Time (mdt) Wind (mph) Vis. (mi.) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°F) Heat Index (°F) altimeter (in) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºF) Pressure Precipitation (in)