National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Ludington, Mason County Airport
Imperial (Metric)
Date Time (est) Wind (mph) Vis. (mi.) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºF) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°F) Heat Index (°F) Pressure Precipitation (in)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (in) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
12 14:55 NE 7 G 18 10.00 Light Rain BKN015 OVC022 41 37.4 87% 37 29.89 0.0
12 14:35 N 9 10.00 Light Rain BKN015 BKN021 OVC040 41 37.4 87% 36 29.89 0.0
12 14:15 N 13 G 21 10.00 Light Rain SCT019 BKN031 OVC040 41 35.6 81% 34 29.89 0.0
12 13:55 N 12 G 16 10.00 Light Rain BKN019 OVC025 42.8 37.4 81% 37 29.88 0.0
12 13:35 N 9 10.00 Light Drizzle BKN019 OVC024 42.8 37.4 81% 38 29.88 0.0
12 13:15 N 14 G 20 10.00 Overcast BKN021 OVC028 42.8 35.6 76% 36 29.88 0.0
12 12:55 N 14 G 22 10.00 Overcast BKN021 OVC026 42.8 35.6 43.5 38.7 76% 36 29.87 0.0
12 12:35 N 14 G 20 10.00 Overcast OVC019 42.8 37.4 81% 36 29.88 0.0
12 12:15 N 8 G 16 10.00 Overcast OVC019 42.8 37.4 81% 39 29.87 0.0
12 11:55 N 14 10.00 Overcast OVC017 42.8 37.4 81% 36 29.87 0.0
12 11:35 N 10 G 18 10.00 Light Rain OVC019 42.8 37.4 81% 38 29.87 0.0
12 11:15 N 13 G 22 10.00 Light Rain OVC017 42.8 37.4 81% 37 29.87 0.0
12 10:55 N 15 G 20 10.00 Light Rain OVC017 42.8 37.4 81% 36 29.87 0.0
12 10:35 N 12 G 20 10.00 Overcast OVC017 42.8 37.4 81% 37 29.86 0.0
12 10:15 N 16 G 29 10.00 Overcast OVC019 42.8 37.4 81% 36 29.85 0.0
12 09:55 N 10 G 22 10.00 Overcast BKN017 BKN037 OVC100 42.8 39.2 87% 38 29.85 0.0
12 09:35 N 12 G 20 10.00 Overcast SCT015 BKN021 OVC038 42.8 37.4 81% 37 29.85 0.0
12 09:15 N 8 G 16 10.00 Overcast BKN017 OVC023 41 39.2 93% 36 29.85 0.0
12 08:55 N 10 G 20 10.00 Overcast BKN017 OVC029 41 37.4 87% 35 29.85 0.0
12 08:35 N 8 10.00 Light Rain BKN017 BKN029 OVC035 41 37.4 87% 36 29.85 0.0
12 08:15 N 10 G 16 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT019 BKN027 BKN034 41 37.4 87% 35 29.85 0.0
12 07:55 N 8 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT021 SCT026 BKN033 39.2 37.4 93% 34 29.84 0.0
12 07:35 N 9 G 18 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT022 SCT029 BKN033 39.2 35.6 87% 34 29.84 0.0
12 07:15 N 17 10.00 Light Rain FEW014 BKN022 OVC029 39.2 37.4 93% 31 29.83 0.0
12 06:55 N 9 G 17 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN015 BKN025 BKN038 39.2 37.4 43.5 39.4 93% 34 29.83 0.0 0.01
12 06:35 N 10 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT015 BKN022 OVC045 39.2 37.4 93% 33 29.83 0.0
12 06:15 N 8 G 17 10.00 Overcast BKN015 BKN020 OVC047 39.2 37.4 93% 34 29.83 0.0
12 05:55 N 8 10.00 Light Rain BKN017 BKN024 OVC033 41 39.2 93% 36 29.83 0.0 0.02
12 05:35 N 8 9.00 Light Rain BKN017 BKN028 OVC065 39.2 37.4 93% 34 29.83 0.0
12 05:15 N 9 9.00 Light Rain BKN017 OVC030 41 37.4 87% 36 29.83 0.0
12 04:55 N 6 10.00 Mostly Cloudy FEW021 BKN030 BKN036 41 37.4 87% 38 29.83 0.0
12 04:35 N 6 10.00 Partly Cloudy FEW029 SCT048 SCT085 39.2 37.4 93% 36 29.82 0.0
12 04:15 N 5 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN085 41 37.4 87% 38 29.82 0.0
12 03:55 N 6 10.00 Overcast FEW046 FEW065 OVC085 41 39.2 93% 38 29.82 0.0 0.01
12 03:35 N 7 10.00 Overcast SCT048 BKN060 OVC080 41 39.2 93% 37 29.82 0.0
12 03:15 N 9 G 20 10.00 Light Rain SCT050 SCT060 BKN080 41 39.2 93% 36 29.82 0.0
12 02:55 N 7 G 17 10.00 Light Rain BKN014 BKN019 BKN050 41 39.2 93% 37 29.82 0.0 0.01
12 02:35 N 12 G 17 10.00 Light Rain BKN018 OVC028 42.8 41 93% 37 29.82 0.0
12 02:15 N 9 10.00 Light Rain BKN018 OVC028 42.8 41 93% 38 29.81 0.0
12 01:55 N 5 10.00 Light Rain BKN018 OVC025 42.8 41 93% 41 29.81 0.0 0.01
12 01:35 NE 3 10.00 Light Rain BKN022 BKN027 OVC032 42.8 41 93% 29.81 0.0
12 01:15 N 3 10.00 Overcast BKN022 BKN032 OVC038 42.8 41 93% 29.81 0.0
12 00:55 Vrbl 3 10.00 Overcast SCT018 BKN023 OVC028 42.8 41 48.2 43 93% 29.81 0.0
12 00:35 Vrbl 6 10.00 Light Rain BKN020 BKN030 OVC038 42.8 41 93% 40 29.81 0.0
12 00:15 N 9 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT020 BKN037 OVC050 44.6 41 87% 40 29.81 0.0
11 23:55 N 8 10.00 Overcast SCT036 BKN043 OVC070 44.6 41 87% 41 29.81 0.0
11 23:35 N 9 G 16 10.00 Overcast FEW022 SCT035 OVC070 44.6 42.8 93% 40 29.81 0.0
11 23:15 N 9 G 18 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT016 BKN026 OVC060 44.6 42.8 93% 40 29.81 0.0
11 22:55 N 10 10.00 Light Rain BKN018 BKN023 OVC029 46.4 42.8 87% 42 29.81 0.0 0.01
11 22:35 NW 3 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT023 BKN048 OVC070 44.6 42.8 93% 29.81 0.0
11 22:15 Vrbl 5 10.00 Overcast SCT032 SCT040 OVC047 46.4 42.8 87% 45 29.81 0.0
11 21:55 N 6 10.00 Light Rain FEW020 BKN030 OVC036 46.4 44.6 93% 44 29.82 0.0 0.01
11 21:35 N 2 10.00 Light Rain SCT021 BKN030 OVC048 46.4 44.6 93% 29.82 0.0
11 21:15 N 3 10.00 Overcast SCT020 BKN033 OVC065 46.4 44.6 93% 29.83 0.0
11 20:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast SCT020 BKN033 OVC050 46.4 44.6 93% 29.83 0.0 0.06
11 20:35 NW 5 10.00 Light Rain BKN020 BKN027 OVC040 46.4 44.6 93% 45 29.83 0.0
11 20:15 NW 7 10.00 Light Rain SCT017 SCT030 OVC040 46.4 44.6 93% 43 29.83 0.0
11 19:55 N 8 8.00 Light Rain BKN018 BKN035 OVC044 46.4 44.6 93% 43 29.83 0.0
11 19:35 NW 6 10.00 Light Drizzle OVC037 48.2 44.6 87% 46 29.83 0.0
11 19:15 NW 5 10.00 Overcast OVC039 48.2 44.6 87% 47 29.84 0.0
11 18:55 NW 3 10.00 Overcast OVC042 46.4 44.6 49.6 45.1 93% 29.84 0.0
11 18:35 NW 1 10.00 Overcast FEW025 BKN036 OVC046 46.4 46.4 100% 29.84 0.0
11 18:15 N 1 10.00 Overcast SCT025 SCT030 OVC040 44.6 44.6 100% 29.84 0.0
11 17:55 N 2 10.00 Overcast BKN042 OVC048 46.4 46.4 100% 29.84 0.0
11 17:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC050 46.4 44.6 93% 29.84 0.0
11 17:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC050 46.4 46.4 100% 29.84 0.0
11 16:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN060 OVC070 46.4 46.4 100% 29.84 0.0
11 16:35 NW 1 10.00 Overcast OVC070 46.4 46.4 100% 29.84 0.0
11 16:15 Vrbl 1 10.00 Light Drizzle OVC070 48.2 46.4 94% 29.84 0.0
11 15:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast FEW050 OVC070 48.2 44.6 87% 29.84 0.0
11 15:35 Vrbl 1 10.00 Light Rain SCT044 OVC050 48.2 44.6 87% 29.84 0.0
11 15:15 W 3 10.00 Light Rain OVC042 48.2 44.6 87% 29.85 0.0
11 14:55 W 2 10.00 Light Rain BKN036 OVC042 48.2 44.6 87% 29.86 0.0 0.01
11 14:35 SW 3 10.00 Light Rain OVC034 48.2 44.6 87% 29.86 0.0
11 14:15 SW 6 10.00 Light Rain OVC034 48.2 44.6 87% 46 29.87 0.0
11 13:55 SW 6 10.00 Overcast OVC036 48.2 44.6 87% 46 29.87 0.0
11 13:35 SW 5 10.00 Light Drizzle OVC038 50 44.6 82% 49 29.87 0.0
11 13:15 SW 5 10.00 Light Drizzle OVC040 50 44.6 82% 49 29.88 0.0
11 12:55 SW 3 10.00 Light Drizzle OVC042 50 44.6 50.9 38.8 82% 29.88 0.0
11 12:35 SW 3 10.00 Light Rain OVC044 50 44.6 82% 29.89 0.0
11 12:15 W 2 10.00 Light Rain OVC044 48.2 46.4 94% 29.9 0.0
11 11:55 W 2 10.00 Light Rain OVC046 48.2 46.4 94% 29.91 0.0 0.01
11 11:35 NW 3 10.00 Light Rain BKN048 OVC060 48.2 46.4 94% 29.92 0.0
11 11:15 NW 5 10.00 Light Rain SCT044 OVC050 48.2 44.6 87% 47 29.93 0.0
11 10:55 NW 5 8.00 Light Rain BKN044 OVC050 48.2 42.8 82% 47 29.94 0.0 0.02
11 10:35 NW 5 8.00 Light Rain OVC046 48.2 42.8 82% 47 29.94 0.0
11 10:15 NW 6 10.00 Light Rain BKN048 OVC055 50 42.8 76% 48 29.94 0.0
11 09:55 Vrbl 2 10.00 Light Drizzle SCT048 OVC055 50 42.8 76% 29.93 0.0
11 09:15 Vrbl 2 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 BKN080 42.8 42.8 100% 29.92 0.0
11 08:55 S 1 10.00 Overcast OVC075 42.8 42.8 100% 29.91 0.0
11 08:35 E 3 10.00 Overcast OVC075 42.8 42.8 100% 29.91 0.0
11 08:15 SE 2 10.00 Overcast OVC075 42.8 42.8 100% 29.91 0.0
11 07:55 E 3 10.00 Overcast BKN075 OVC090 41 41 100% 29.9 0.0
11 07:35 E 3 10.00 Overcast BKN090 OVC110 41 41 100% 29.9 0.0
11 07:15 E 3 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 39.2 39.2 100% 29.9 0.0
11 06:55 E 2 10.00 Partly Cloudy FEW090 SCT120 39.2 39.2 39.7 34 100% 29.9 0.0
11 06:35 E 2 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT100 SCT120 39.2 39.2 100% 29.91 0.0
11 06:15 NW 2 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT110 39.2 39.2 100% 29.91 0.0
11 05:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 39.2 39.2 100% 29.92 0.0
11 05:35 E 1 10.00 A Few Clouds FEW120 37.4 37.4 100% 29.93 0.0
11 05:15 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.93 0.0
11 04:55 E 2 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.93 0.0
11 04:35 E 2 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.93 0.0
11 04:15 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 39.2 100% 29.94 0.0
11 03:55 SE 2 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.94 0.0
11 03:35 Calm 7.00 Fog/Mist CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.95 0.0
11 03:15 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.95 0.0
11 02:55 Calm 4.00 Fog/Mist CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.96 0.0
11 02:35 Calm 1.75 Fog/Mist CLR 35.6 35.6 100% 29.96 0.0
11 02:15 SE 1 2.00 Fog/Mist CLR 35.6 35.6 100% 29.95 0.0
11 01:55 E 2 0.25 Fog VV005 35.6 35.6 100% 29.95 0.0
11 01:35 E 2 0.75 Fog/Mist VV005 35.6 35.6 100% 29.95 0.0
11 01:15 E 2 6.00 Fog/Mist CLR 35.6 35.6 100% 29.96 0.0
11 00:55 E 2 10.00 Fair CLR 35.6 35.6 42.8 34.5 100% 29.96 0.0
11 00:35 E 2 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 39.2 100% 29.96 0.0
11 00:15 SE 1 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 39.2 100% 29.97 0.0
10 23:55 E 2 4.00 Fog/Mist CLR 35.6 35.6 100% 29.97 0.0
10 23:35 SE 2 1.00 Fog/Mist VV005 39.2 39.2 100% 29.98 0.0
10 23:15 S 1 0.75 Fog/Mist VV005 37.4 37.4 100% 29.99 0.0
10 22:55 N 1 1.50 Fog/Mist CLR 39.2 39.2 100% 29.99 0.0
10 22:35 N 2 0.50 Fog VV005 37.4 37.4 100% 29.99 0.0
10 22:15 Calm 0.50 Fog VV005 37.4 37.4 100% 29.99 0.0
10 21:55 E 2 0.75 Fog/Mist VV005 37.4 37.4 100% 29.99 0.0
10 21:35 NE 2 0.25 Fog VV002 35.6 35.6 100% 30 0.0
10 21:15 E 1 0.25 Fog VV002 39.2 39.2 100% 30 0.0
10 20:55 E 1 4.00 Fog/Mist CLR 41 41 100% 30 0.0
10 20:35 E 1 4.00 Fog/Mist CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 30 0.0
10 20:15 SE 2 0.75 Fog/Mist VV005 39.2 39.2 100% 30 0.0
10 19:55 E 2 5.00 Fog/Mist CLR 41 41 100% 30 0.0
10 19:35 E 3 9.00 Fair CLR 41 41 100% 30.01 0.0
10 19:15 Calm 1.50 Fog/Mist CLR 42.8 42.8 100% 30.01 0.0
10 18:55 E 1 10.00 Fair CLR 41 41 56.1 40.8 100% 30.01 0.0
10 18:35 E 2 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 41 93% 30 0.0
10 18:15 Vrbl 1 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 41 93% 30 0.0
10 17:55 Vrbl 1 10.00 Fair CLR 46.4 42.8 87% 30 0.0
10 17:35 W 2 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 30 0.0
10 17:15 W 5 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 44.6 72% 30 0.0
10 16:55 W 6 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 30 0.0
10 16:35 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 30 0.0
10 16:15 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 30 0.0
10 15:55 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 30 0.0
10 15:35 SW 7 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 29.99 0.0
10 15:15 SW 7 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 29.99 0.0
10 14:55 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 29.99 0.0
10 14:35 SW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 29.99 0.0
10 14:15 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 29.99 0.0
10 13:55 SW 7 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 29.99 0.0
10 13:35 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 30 0.0
10 13:15 W 7 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 30 0.0
10 12:55 W 8 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 56.8 35.1 72% 30 0.0
10 12:35 W 6 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 44.6 67% 30.01 0.0
10 12:15 W 9 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 30.01 0.0
10 11:55 Vrbl 7 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 46.4 72% 30.02 0.0
10 11:35 Vrbl 5 10.00 Fair CLR 57.2 46.4 67% 30.02 0.0
10 11:15 NW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 57.2 44.6 63% 30.01 0.0
10 10:55 W 9 10.00 Fair CLR 57.2 44.6 63% 30.01 0.0
10 10:35 NW 5 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 44.6 67% 30.01 0.0
10 10:15 Vrbl 6 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 44.6 67% 30 0.0
10 09:55 Vrbl 5 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 44.6 67% 30 0.0
10 09:35 Vrbl 5 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 44.6 67% 30 0.0
10 09:15 Vrbl 1 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 46.4 82% 29.99 0.0
10 08:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 44.6 100% 29.99 0.0
10 08:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 41 100% 29.98 0.0
10 08:15 SW 2 1.75 Fog/Mist CLR 39.2 39.2 100% 29.98 0.0
10 07:55 Vrbl 1 0.15 Fog VV000 35.6 35.6 100% 29.97 0.0
10 07:35 E 1 0.50 Fog VV005 41 41 100% 29.97 0.0
10 07:15 Calm 1.75 Fog/Mist CLR 37.4 37.4 100% 29.96 0.0
10 06:55 E 3 4.00 Fog/Mist CLR 37.4 37.4 53.8 37.9 100% 29.95 0.0
10 06:35 SE 2 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 39.2 100% 29.94 0.0
10 06:15 Vrbl 1 10.00 Fair CLR 41 37.4 87% 29.94 0.0
10 05:55 NW 3 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 42.8 82% 29.93 0.0
10 05:35 NW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 48 29.93 0.0
10 05:15 NW 5 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 49 29.93 0.0
10 04:55 NW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 48 29.92 0.0
10 04:35 NW 3 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.92 0.0
10 04:15 Vrbl 5 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.92 0.0
10 03:55 NW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.92 0.0
10 03:35 NW 5 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.91 0.0
10 03:15 NW 5 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.91 0.0
10 02:55 NW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.91 0.0
10 02:35 NW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.9 0.0
10 02:15 W 9 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 44.6 77% 29.9 0.0
10 01:55 W 7 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 44.6 72% 29.9 0.0
10 01:35 W 9 G 16 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 42.8 67% 29.9 0.0
10 01:15 W 10 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 44.6 72% 29.9 0.0
10 00:55 W 9 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 54 48.4 77% 29.9 0.0
10 00:35 SW 13 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 44.6 72% 29.9 0.0
10 00:15 W 10 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 46.4 82% 29.9 0.0
09 23:55 SW 10 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 46.4 82% 29.91 0.0
09 23:35 SW 14 G 18 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 29.91 0.0
09 23:15 SW 12 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 29.92 0.0
09 22:55 SW 14 G 23 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 29.92 0.0
09 22:35 SW 12 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 29.92 0.0
09 22:15 SW 13 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 46.4 77% 29.93 0.0
09 21:55 SW 14 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 48.2 82% 29.94 0.0
09 21:35 SW 13 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 48.2 88% 29.94 0.0
09 21:15 SW 15 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 48.2 88% 29.94 0.0
09 20:55 SW 12 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 46.4 82% 29.95 0.0
09 20:35 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 50 44.6 82% 47 29.96 0.0
09 20:15 S 8 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 47 29.95 0.0
09 19:55 S 7 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 42.8 82% 46 29.95 0.0
09 19:35 S 10 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 41 76% 44 29.96 0.0
09 19:15 S 10 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 41 76% 44 29.96 0.0
09 18:55 S 9 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 41 53.1 48.6 76% 45 29.98 0.0
09 18:35 S 8 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 41 76% 45 29.98 0.0
09 18:15 S 7 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 41 76% 46 29.99 0.0
09 17:55 S 7 10.00 Fair CLR 48.2 42.8 82% 46 29.99 0.0
09 17:35 S 8 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 47 30 0.0
09 17:15 S 9 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 47 30.01 0.0
09 16:55 SW 12 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 46 30.01 0.0
09 16:35 SW 12 10.00 Fair CLR 50 42.8 76% 46 30 0.0
09 16:15 SW 12 10.00 Fair CLR 50 41 71% 46 30 0.0
09 15:55 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 50 41 71% 47 30.01 0.0
09 15:35 SW 12 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 41 67% 30.02 0.0
09 15:15 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 50 41 71% 47 30.03 0.0
Date Time (est) Wind (mph) Vis. (mi.) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°F) Heat Index (°F) altimeter (in) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºF) Pressure Precipitation (in)