Weather observations for the past three days for
Luray Caverns
Imperial (Metric)
Date Time (est) Wind (mph) Vis. (mi.) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºF) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°F) Heat Index (°F) Pressure Precipitation (in)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (in) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
12 00:55 SW 9 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT110 37.4 17.6 45% 31 29.96 0.0
12 00:35 SW 7 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 37.4 17.6 45% 33 29.96 0.0
12 00:15 SW 7 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT090 BKN110 37.4 17.6 45% 33 29.97 0.0
11 23:55 SW 9 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT090 BKN110 39.2 17.6 42% 34 29.98 0.0
11 23:35 SW 9 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT090 SCT120 39.2 15.8 39% 34 29.98 0.0
11 23:15 S 7 10.00 Overcast OVC110 39.2 15.8 39% 35 29.98 0.0
11 22:55 SW 9 10.00 Overcast SCT075 OVC110 39.2 15.8 39% 34 29.98 0.0
11 22:35 SW 7 10.00 Overcast BKN075 OVC085 39.2 15.8 39% 35 29.98 0.0
11 22:15 S 5 10.00 Overcast BKN075 OVC085 37.4 15.8 41% 34 29.98 0.0
11 21:55 S 9 10.00 Overcast SCT085 OVC100 37.4 15.8 41% 31 29.98 0.0
11 21:35 S 6 10.00 Overcast OVC110 37.4 17.6 45% 33 29.99 0.0
11 21:15 S 7 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT120 37.4 17.6 45% 33 30 0.0
11 20:55 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 15.8 41% 32 30.01 0.0
11 20:35 SW 10 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 31 30.02 0.0
11 20:15 SW 10 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 31 30.01 0.0
11 19:55 SW 10 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 31 30.01 0.0
11 19:35 S 8 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 32 30.02 0.0
11 19:15 S 7 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 33 30.03 0.0
11 18:55 S 9 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 31 30.03 0.0
11 18:35 S 7 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 33 30.02 0.0
11 18:15 S 6 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 33 30.02 0.0
11 17:55 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 32 30.03 0.0
11 17:35 SW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 14 38% 33 30.02 0.0
11 17:15 SW 5 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 12.2 33% 36 30.01 0.0
11 16:55 SW 10 10.00 Fair CLR 41 12.2 31% 35 30.01 0.0
11 16:35 SW 6 10.00 Fair CLR 42.8 12.2 29% 40 30.01 0.0
11 16:15 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 12.2 27% 40 30.01 0.0
11 15:55 SW 12 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 12.2 27% 39 30.01 0.0
11 15:35 SW 13 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 14 29% 39 30 0.0
11 15:15 W 9 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 14 29% 40 30.01 0.0
11 14:55 W 9 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 14 29% 40 30.01 0.0
11 14:35 W 8 G 28 10.00 Fair CLR 44.6 14 29% 41 30.01 0.0
11 14:15 W 14 G 24 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT070 44.6 15.8 31% 39 30.01 0.0
11 13:55 SW 20 G 26 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 46.4 15.8 29% 40 30.01 0.0
11 13:35 W 8 G 21 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 46.4 15.8 29% 43 30.02 0.0
11 13:15 W 15 G 32 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 46.4 14 27% 41 30.02 0.0
11 12:55 W 13 G 25 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT070 44.6 15.8 31% 39 30.02 0.0
11 12:35 W 17 G 26 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 BKN070 41 15.8 36% 33 30.02 0.0
11 12:15 W 18 G 25 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 41 14 33% 33 30.01 0.0
11 11:55 W 18 G 25 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 39.2 12.2 33% 31 30.01 0.0
11 11:35 W 10 G 18 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 37.4 12.2 35% 31 30.02 0.0
11 11:15 SE 5 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 39.2 10.4 30% 36 30.02 0.0
11 10:55 W 17 G 30 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 41 10.4 28% 33 30.03 0.0
11 10:35 SW 13 G 23 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 41 10.4 28% 34 30.03 0.0
11 10:15 SW 8 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 10.4 33% 32 30.04 0.0
11 09:55 SW 8 G 16 10.00 Fair CLR 37.4 10.4 33% 32 30.04 0.0
11 09:35 SW 5 G 10 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT046 35.6 12.2 38% 32 30.05 0.0
11 09:15 SW 6 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN046 33.8 12.2 41% 29 30.05 0.0
11 08:55 SW 12 G 23 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT048 32 12.2 44% 24 30.05 0.0
11 08:35 S 12 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 32 10.4 40% 24 30.04 0.0
11 08:15 SW 13 G 17 10.00 Fair CLR 32 12.2 44% 23 30.04 0.0
11 07:55 SW 13 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 12.2 51% 19 30.04 0.0
11 07:35 SW 13 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 12.2 51% 19 30.03 0.0
11 07:15 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 21 30.02 0.0
11 06:55 SW 10 G 16 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 20 30.01 0.0
11 06:35 SW 9 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 20 30.01 0.0
11 06:15 SW 12 G 20 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 19 30 0.0
11 05:55 SW 13 G 26 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 12.2 51% 19 29.99 0.0
11 05:35 SW 10 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 20 29.99 0.0
11 05:15 SW 8 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 21 29.98 0.0
11 04:35 SW 13 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 8.6 43% 19 29.97 0.0
11 04:15 SW 10 G 17 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 10.4 47% 20 29.96 0.0
11 03:55 W 7 G 16 10.00 Fair CLR 28.4 12.2 51% 22 29.96 0.0
11 03:35 SW 12 G 18 10.00 Fair CLR 30.2 12.2 47% 21 29.96 0.0
11 03:15 SW 12 G 16 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 30.2 10.4 43% 21 29.95 0.0
11 02:55 W 12 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 30.2 10.4 43% 21 29.96 0.0
11 02:35 W 14 G 24 10.00 Overcast BKN048 OVC050 32 12.2 44% 23 29.96 0.0
11 02:15 W 14 G 18 7.00 Overcast SCT011 SCT030 OVC048 32 17.6 55% 23 29.95 0.0
11 01:55 W 5 3.00 Light Snow SCT013 BKN023 OVC055 32 26.6 80% 28 29.94 0.0
11 01:35 W 6 5.00 Light Snow SCT018 BKN025 OVC060 32 26.6 80% 27 29.93 0.0
11 01:15 Calm 4.00 Light Snow SCT010 BKN033 OVC060 32 28.4 87% 29.92 0.0
11 00:55 NW 5 5.00 Light Snow BKN029 OVC034 33.8 26.6 75% 30 29.91 0.0
11 00:35 W 9 7.00 Light Snow BKN035 BKN041 OVC048 33.8 21.2 60% 27 29.9 0.0
11 00:15 W 9 10.00 Overcast BKN039 OVC049 33.8 21.2 60% 27 29.9 0.0
10 23:55 W 7 10.00 Overcast SCT039 OVC049 33.8 19.4 56% 28 29.89 0.0
10 23:35 W 5 10.00 Overcast BKN049 OVC055 33.8 19.4 56% 30 29.9 0.0
10 23:15 SW 3 10.00 Overcast SCT042 OVC049 33.8 19.4 56% 29.9 0.0
10 22:55 SW 5 10.00 Overcast BKN042 OVC049 33.8 19.4 56% 30 29.9 0.0
10 22:35 SW 3 10.00 Overcast OVC046 33.8 19.4 56% 29.9 0.0
10 22:15 W 3 10.00 Overcast BKN044 BKN050 OVC060 35.6 19.4 52% 29.91 0.0
10 21:55 S 3 10.00 Overcast OVC042 35.6 19.4 52% 29.91 0.0
10 21:35 SW 7 10.00 Overcast OVC042 35.6 19.4 52% 31 29.91 0.0
10 21:15 SW 6 10.00 Overcast OVC044 35.6 19.4 52% 31 29.91 0.0
10 20:55 SW 5 10.00 Overcast OVC044 35.6 19.4 52% 32 29.9 0.0
10 20:35 SW 10 10.00 Overcast OVC044 35.6 21.2 56% 29 29.9 0.0
10 20:15 S 3 10.00 Overcast OVC045 35.6 19.4 52% 29.9 0.0
10 19:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN041 OVC049 35.6 21.2 56% 29.89 0.0
10 19:35 SW 6 10.00 Overcast BKN046 OVC050 35.6 21.2 56% 31 29.89 0.0
10 19:15 N 5 10.00 Overcast OVC046 35.6 19.4 52% 32 29.88 0.0
10 18:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN046 OVC110 37.4 19.4 48% 29.88 0.0
10 18:35 NW 5 G 24 10.00 Overcast SCT048 OVC100 37.4 19.4 48% 34 29.88 0.0
10 18:15 NW 7 G 17 10.00 Overcast SCT046 SCT060 OVC100 37.4 19.4 48% 33 29.86 0.0
10 17:55 N 10 G 18 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT046 SCT060 SCT100 37.4 21.2 52% 31 29.86 0.0
10 17:35 SW 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT070 SCT100 37.4 21.2 52% 29.85 0.0
10 16:55 W 12 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT070 SCT100 41 19.4 42% 35 29.83 0.0
10 16:35 W 10 G 17 10.00 Overcast SCT050 OVC060 42.8 19.4 39% 38 29.83 0.0
10 16:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN050 OVC060 42.8 19.4 39% 29.82 0.0
10 15:55 NW 7 G 20 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN055 44.6 17.6 34% 41 29.81 0.0
10 15:35 NW 10 G 18 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT055 SCT065 48.2 17.6 29% 44 29.8 0.0
10 15:15 NW 16 G 22 10.00 Fair CLR 46.4 19.4 34% 40 29.79 0.0
10 14:55 W 16 G 24 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT055 BKN090 44.6 17.6 34% 38 29.79 0.0
10 14:35 NW 15 G 23 10.00 Overcast OVC090 46.4 19.4 34% 41 29.78 0.0
10 14:15 W 12 G 18 10.00 Overcast OVC090 46.4 19.4 34% 42 29.77 0.0
10 13:55 NW 10 G 18 10.00 Overcast SCT070 OVC090 46.4 21.2 37% 42 29.77 0.0
10 13:35 NW 13 G 21 10.00 Overcast BKN060 OVC080 48.2 21.2 34% 43 29.77 0.0
10 13:15 NW 9 G 20 10.00 Overcast OVC060 50 17.6 28% 47 29.77 0.0
10 12:55 N 9 10.00 Overcast OVC060 51.8 17.6 26% 29.77 0.0
10 12:35 SW 10 G 16 10.00 Overcast OVC060 51.8 19.4 28% 29.78 0.0
10 12:15 W 14 G 21 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 51.8 19.4 28% 29.79 0.0
10 11:55 W 9 G 16 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 53.6 19.4 26% 29.81 0.0
10 11:35 W 9 G 18 10.00 Fair CLR 50 21.2 32% 47 29.82 0.0
10 11:15 NW 8 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 48.2 19.4 32% 45 29.83 0.0
10 10:55 W 13 G 17 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 50 21.2 32% 46 29.84 0.0
10 10:35 SW 8 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 46.4 21.2 37% 43 29.84 0.0
10 10:15 W 3 G 16 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 46.4 19.4 34% 29.85 0.0
10 09:55 W 5 G 17 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 46.4 21.2 37% 45 29.85 0.0
10 09:35 W 3 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN048 48.2 21.2 34% 29.85 0.0
10 09:15 NW 5 G 17 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT048 46.4 21.2 37% 45 29.85 0.0
10 08:55 W 8 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT049 46.4 23 40% 43 29.85 0.0
10 08:35 NW 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT049 42.8 21.2 42% 29.86 0.0
10 08:15 W 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT047 42.8 23 46% 29.86 0.0
10 07:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN045 42.8 24.8 49% 29.86 0.0
10 07:35 NW 5 10.00 Overcast BKN043 OVC049 42.8 26.6 53% 41 29.85 0.0
10 07:15 W 3 10.00 Overcast OVC046 41 26.6 57% 29.85 0.0
10 06:55 W 3 10.00 Overcast OVC048 41 26.6 57% 29.85 0.0
10 06:35 SW 3 10.00 Overcast OVC048 41 26.6 57% 29.84 0.0
10 06:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC048 41 26.6 57% 29.84 0.0
10 05:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC048 41 26.6 57% 29.84 0.0
10 05:35 W 5 10.00 Overcast OVC046 41 26.6 57% 38 29.84 0.0
10 05:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC044 41 26.6 57% 29.84 0.0
10 04:55 NW 3 10.00 Overcast OVC044 41 26.6 57% 29.83 0.0
10 04:35 NW 3 10.00 Overcast OVC046 41 26.6 57% 29.83 0.0
10 04:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC046 42.8 26.6 53% 29.82 0.0
10 03:55 NW 5 10.00 Overcast OVC046 42.8 26.6 53% 41 29.82 0.0
10 03:35 W 3 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN044 42.8 26.6 53% 29.82 0.0
10 03:15 W 5 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT044 SCT090 42.8 26.6 53% 41 29.82 0.0
10 02:55 W 8 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN090 44.6 26.6 49% 41 29.82 0.0
10 02:35 W 8 G 16 10.00 Overcast OVC090 44.6 26.6 49% 41 29.82 0.0
10 02:15 W 14 G 26 10.00 Overcast SCT050 OVC090 44.6 26.6 49% 39 29.82 0.0
10 01:55 W 13 G 26 10.00 Overcast OVC050 46.4 26.6 46% 41 29.81 0.0
10 01:35 NW 15 G 23 10.00 Overcast BKN050 OVC100 46.4 28.4 50% 41 29.81 0.0
10 01:15 W 9 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT050 BKN100 50 28.4 43% 47 29.81 0.0
10 00:55 W 10 G 16 10.00 Overcast BKN050 OVC100 50 30.2 47% 46 29.8 0.0
10 00:35 NW 8 10.00 Overcast SCT050 OVC100 50 30.2 47% 47 29.8 0.0
10 00:15 W 3 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 51.8 30.2 44% 29.81 0.0
09 23:55 W 12 G 18 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT100 SCT120 51.8 30.2 44% 29.8 0.0
09 23:35 W 9 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 51.8 30.2 44% 29.8 0.0
09 23:15 W 15 G 24 10.00 Overcast OVC110 51.8 30.2 44% 29.79 0.0
09 22:55 W 8 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 51.8 32 47% 29.79 0.0
09 22:35 W 12 G 18 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 32 44% 29.79 0.0
09 22:15 W 12 G 21 10.00 Fair CLR 53.6 32 44% 29.79 0.0
09 21:55 W 10 G 22 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT060 55.4 32 41% 29.79 0.0
09 21:35 W 12 G 21 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 57.2 32 39% 29.78 0.0
09 21:15 W 8 G 17 10.00 Overcast OVC060 57.2 32 39% 29.77 0.0
09 20:55 W 13 G 21 10.00 Overcast SCT060 OVC095 59 33.8 39% 29.77 0.0
09 20:35 W 14 G 21 10.00 Overcast SCT070 OVC095 59 35.6 42% 29.76 0.0
09 20:15 W 8 10.00 Overcast SCT070 OVC095 59 37.4 45% 29.76 0.0
09 19:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC095 59 37.4 45% 29.74 0.0
09 19:35 W 3 G 20 10.00 Overcast OVC095 60.8 37.4 42% 29.74 0.0
09 19:15 W 3 10.00 Overcast SCT095 OVC110 60.8 37.4 42% 29.73 0.0
09 18:55 W 8 10.00 Overcast OVC110 60.8 37.4 42% 29.73 0.0
09 18:35 W 6 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 60.8 37.4 42% 29.72 0.0
09 18:15 W 6 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT100 60.8 37.4 42% 29.72 0.0
09 17:55 W 6 10.00 Fair CLR 62.6 39.2 42% 29.72 0.0
09 17:35 W 6 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT080 BKN095 62.6 37.4 39% 29.71 0.0
09 17:15 W 7 10.00 Overcast SCT065 BKN080 OVC090 64.4 37.4 37% 29.7 0.0
09 16:55 W 6 10.00 Overcast SCT065 OVC085 64.4 41 43% 29.7 0.0
09 16:35 SW 5 10.00 Overcast OVC085 66.2 41 40% 29.69 0.0
09 16:15 SW 7 10.00 Overcast BKN080 OVC085 68 41 38% 29.69 0.0
09 15:55 SW 8 10.00 Overcast OVC080 68 39.2 35% 29.69 0.0
09 15:35 SW 6 10.00 Overcast OVC080 68 39.2 35% 29.68 0.0
09 15:15 SW 13 10.00 Overcast OVC080 68 39.2 35% 29.68 0.0
09 14:55 SW 13 G 22 10.00 Overcast OVC090 69.8 37.4 31% 29.68 0.0
09 14:35 SW 15 G 25 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 69.8 37.4 31% 29.67 0.0
09 14:15 SW 15 G 20 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT065 SCT100 69.8 41 35% 29.67 0.0
09 13:55 SW 17 G 22 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT065 69.8 41 35% 29.67 0.0
09 13:35 SW 12 G 22 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT065 71.6 41 33% 29.68 0.0
09 12:35 SW 12 10.00 Overcast SCT050 SCT070 OVC090 68 46.4 46% 29.69 0.0
09 12:15 SW 24 G 35 10.00 Overcast and Breezy BKN050 BKN070 OVC085 68 44.6 43% 29.71 0.0
09 11:55 SW 10 G 17 10.00 Overcast OVC085 71.6 46.4 41% 29.69 0.0
09 11:35 SW 14 G 20 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT095 71.6 48.2 44% 29.69 0.0
09 11:15 SW 3 10.00 Fair CLR 69.8 46.4 43% 29.7 0.0
09 10:55 SW 3 10.00 Fair CLR 68 46.4 46% 29.72 0.0
09 10:35 S 3 10.00 Fair CLR 66.2 44.6 46% 29.72 0.0
09 10:15 SW 3 10.00 Fair CLR 62.6 44.6 52% 29.73 0.0
09 09:55 SW 3 10.00 Fair CLR 60.8 44.6 55% 29.74 0.0
09 09:35 S 5 10.00 Fair CLR 57.2 42.8 59% 29.76 0.0
09 09:15 S 3 10.00 Fair CLR 55.4 42.8 63% 29.76 0.0
09 08:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 42.8 72% 29.77 0.0
09 08:35 S 5 10.00 Fair CLR 51.8 41 67% 29.78 0.0
09 08:15 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT080 48.2 41 76% 29.79 0.0
09 07:55 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT080 44.6 41 87% 29.79 0.0
09 07:35 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT080 42.8 39.2 87% 29.79 0.0
09 07:15 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT043 BKN080 42.8 39.2 87% 29.79 0.0
09 06:55 SW 5 10.00 Overcast BKN043 OVC049 42.8 39.2 87% 41 29.79 0.0
09 06:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN048 OVC080 42.8 39.2 87% 29.8 0.0
09 06:15 Calm 10.00 Overcast SCT043 BKN050 OVC080 42.8 41 93% 29.8 0.0
09 05:55 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN043 OVC049 42.8 41 93% 29.8 0.0
09 05:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast OVC050 42.8 41 93% 29.8 0.0
09 05:15 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 BKN070 41 39.2 93% 29.8 0.0
09 04:55 Calm 10.00 Mostly Cloudy SCT050 BKN080 BKN090 41 37.4 87% 29.8 0.0
09 04:35 Calm 10.00 Overcast BKN080 OVC090 41 37.4 87% 29.8 0.0
09 04:15 SW 3 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT070 SCT090 41 37.4 87% 29.8 0.0
09 03:55 Calm 10.00 Partly Cloudy SCT070 SCT080 39.2 37.4 93% 29.81 0.0
09 03:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 37.4 93% 29.8 0.0
09 03:15 W 3 10.00 Fair CLR 41 37.4 87% 29.82 0.0
09 02:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 39.2 37.4 93% 29.82 0.0
09 02:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 37.4 87% 29.82 0.0
09 02:15 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 37.4 87% 29.83 0.0
09 01:55 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 39.2 93% 29.84 0.0
09 01:35 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 37.4 87% 29.84 0.0
09 01:15 Calm 10.00 Fair CLR 41 37.4 87% 29.84 0.0
Date Time (est) Wind (mph) Vis. (mi.) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°F) Heat Index (°F) altimeter (in) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºF) Pressure Precipitation (in)