National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Rochester - St. Mary's Hospital Heliport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
24 10:35 S 13 16.09 Fair CLR 5.1 -4.9 49% 3 76.76 0.0
24 10:15 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 4.5 -5 51% 1 76.78 0.0
24 09:55 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 4.1 -5.1 52% 2 76.76 0.0
24 09:35 S 17 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 3.5 -5.4 53% 0 76.76 0.0
24 09:15 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 3.4 -5.4 53% -0 76.76 0.0
24 08:55 S 15 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 3.1 -5.5 54% -0 76.76 0.0
24 08:35 S 13 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 3 -5.4 54% 0 76.76 0.0
24 08:15 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 2.7 -5.3 56% -1 76.78 0.0
24 07:55 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 2.6 -5.5 56% -0 76.78 0.0
24 07:35 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 2.7 -5.3 56% -1 76.73 0.0
24 07:15 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 2.5 -5.5 56% -1 76.73 0.0
24 06:55 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 2.5 -5.5 5 2.5 56% -1 76.73 0.0
24 06:35 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 2.8 -5.5 55% -1 76.68 0.0
24 06:15 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 2.9 -5.5 54% 1 76.68 0.0
24 05:55 S 15 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 3.2 -5.4 54% -0 76.68 0.0
24 05:35 S 24 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC110 3.4 -5.7 52% -1 76.66 0.0
24 05:15 S 24 G 41 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 3.3 -6 51% -1 76.63 0.0
24 04:55 S 22 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC110 3.5 -6 50% -1 76.68 0.0
24 04:35 S 20 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC110 3.6 -5.9 50% -0 76.71 0.0
24 04:15 S 22 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC110 3.6 -6 50% -1 76.71 0.0
24 03:55 S 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC110 3.7 -6 50% -0 76.73 0.0
24 03:35 S 15 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC110 4 -6 48% 1 76.76 0.0
24 03:15 S 20 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC110 4.1 -6 48% 0 76.78 0.0
24 02:55 S 13 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC110 4.2 -5.8 49% 1 76.81 0.0
24 02:35 S 15 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC110 4.5 -5.9 47% 2 76.84 0.0
24 02:15 S 17 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC110 4.6 -6 47% 1 76.84 0.0
24 01:55 S 17 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC110 4.6 -6.3 45% 1 76.86 0.0
24 01:35 S 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast SCT085 OVC110 4.7 -6.4 45% 1 76.86 0.0
24 01:15 S 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC110 4.9 -6.4 44% 2 76.89 0.0
24 00:55 S 11 16.09 Overcast SCT060 OVC070 5 -6.5 6.3 4.8 44% 3 76.89 0.0
24 00:35 S 15 16.09 Overcast SCT060 OVC080 5 -6.7 43% 2 76.91 0.0
24 00:15 S 15 16.09 Overcast OVC090 4.9 -7 42% 2 76.91 0.0
23 23:55 S 9 16.09 Overcast OVC090 5 -7 42% 3 76.94 0.0
23 23:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC090 5 -6.8 43% 4 76.96 0.0
23 23:15 S 7 16.09 Overcast OVC090 5 -6.5 44% 4 76.94 0.0
23 22:55 SE 11 16.09 Overcast OVC090 5.1 -6.7 43% 3 76.94 0.0
23 22:35 S 11 16.09 Overcast OVC080 5 -6.3 44% 3 76.96 0.0
23 22:15 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC090 5 -6.2 45% 4 76.94 0.0
23 21:55 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC090 4.8 -6 46% 3 76.94 0.0
23 21:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC100 5 -6.5 44% 3 76.96 0.0
23 21:15 S 7 16.09 Overcast SCT085 OVC110 5.5 -6.9 41% 4 76.99 0.0
23 20:55 S 7 16.09 Overcast OVC110 5.6 -7 40% 4 76.99 0.0
23 20:35 S 7 16.09 Overcast OVC100 5.9 -7 39% 5 77.01 0.0
23 20:15 S 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT100 BKN120 5.6 -7.5 39% 4 76.99 0.0
23 19:55 S 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN120 5.9 -7.5 38% 4 76.99 0.0
23 19:35 SE 11 16.09 Overcast OVC120 5.8 -7.9 37% 4 76.96 0.0
23 19:15 S 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN120 6.1 -8 36% 3 76.99 0.0
23 18:55 S 13 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 6.1 -8.5 7.6 4.1 35% 4 76.99 0.0
23 18:35 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 6.5 -8.6 33% 3 76.99 0.0
23 18:15 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 7 -8.4 33% 4 77.04 0.0
23 17:55 S 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 6.9 -9.3 31% 4 77.04 0.0
23 17:35 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 6.8 -9.9 30% 5 77.01 0.0
23 17:15 SE 13 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 6.9 -9.2 31% 5 77.04 0.0
23 16:55 SW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 7.4 -9.1 30% 6 77.06 0.0
23 16:35 S 13 16.09 Fair CLR 6.8 -10.7 28% 5 77.09 0.0
23 16:15 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 6.7 -11.2 27% 5 77.11 0.0
23 15:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 6.4 -10.2 30% 77.11 0.0
23 15:35 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 5.7 -10.3 31% 4 77.14 0.0
23 15:15 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 6.2 -10.3 30% 5 77.14 0.0
23 14:55 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 5.6 -11.2 29% 4 77.17 0.0
23 14:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 5.4 -11.1 30% 4 77.22 0.0
23 14:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 5.7 -10.7 30% 4 77.24 0.0
23 13:55 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 4.7 -11.6 30% 3 77.27 0.0
23 13:35 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR 5.4 -10.6 31% 77.29 0.0
23 13:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 4.1 -11.2 32% 77.32 0.0
23 12:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 4.5 -10.3 4.5 -2.7 34% 77.34 0.0
23 12:35 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR 3.6 -10.8 34% 77.34 0.0
23 12:15 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 3.5 -11 34% 2 77.37 0.0
23 11:55 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 3.5 -9.7 38% 2 77.37 0.0
23 11:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 2.5 -10.6 38% 77.39 0.0
23 11:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 2 -9.3 43% 77.39 0.0
23 10:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 1.3 -9.3 46% 77.39 0.0
23 10:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 0.9 -8.8 49% 77.37 0.0
23 10:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 0.3 -8.9 50% 77.37 0.0
23 09:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 0 -8.5 53% 77.34 0.0
23 09:35 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR -0.4 -8.2 56% 77.32 0.0
23 09:15 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR -0.4 -7.9 57% 77.32 0.0
23 08:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -1 -7.7 61% 77.29 0.0
23 08:35 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR -1.6 -7.3 65% 77.27 0.0
23 08:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -2.1 -7.2 68% 77.24 0.0
23 07:55 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR -2.5 -7.1 71% 77.22 0.0
23 07:35 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR -2.5 -7 72% -5 77.19 0.0
23 07:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -2.7 -7.1 72% -5 77.22 0.0
23 06:55 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -2.6 -7 0.5 -2.6 72% -5 77.19 0.0
23 06:35 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -2.5 -6.9 72% -7 77.19 0.0
23 06:15 NW 11 16.09 Fair CLR -2.5 -6.9 72% -6 77.17 0.0
23 05:55 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -2.2 -6.8 71% -6 77.17 0.0
23 05:35 NW 13 16.09 Fair CLR -2 -6.6 71% -6 77.14 0.0
23 05:15 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -1.7 -6.6 70% -6 77.11 0.0
23 04:55 NW 15 16.09 Fair CLR -1.5 -6.5 69% -6 77.11 0.0
23 04:35 NW 17 16.09 Fair CLR -1.2 -6.4 68% -6 77.11 0.0
23 04:15 NW 15 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR -1 -6 69% -5 77.09 0.0
23 03:55 NW 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 -0.8 -5.8 69% -6 77.06 0.0
23 03:35 NW 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN032 -0.5 -6 67% -5 77.06 0.0
23 03:15 NW 17 16.09 Overcast OVC032 -0.3 -6.1 65% -5 77.06 0.0
23 02:55 NW 11 16.09 Overcast OVC036 -0.1 -6.3 63% -3 77.04 0.0
23 02:35 NW 9 16.09 Overcast OVC036 -0.2 -6.7 62% -3 77.04 0.0
23 02:15 NW 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN036 -0.2 -7 61% -3 77.04 0.0
23 01:55 NW 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN036 0 -7 60% -3 77.01 0.0
23 01:35 NW 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN036 0 -7.1 59% -4 76.99 0.0
23 01:15 NW 15 G 28 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN036 0.2 -7.1 58% -4 76.99 0.0
23 00:55 NW 17 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC034 0.6 -6.7 1.2 0.6 58% -4 76.99 0.0
23 00:35 NW 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC034 0.7 -6.2 60% -4 76.96 0.0
23 00:15 NW 11 16.09 Overcast OVC034 0.8 -5.8 62% -2 76.96 0.0
22 23:55 NW 13 16.09 Overcast OVC034 0.7 -6 61% -3 76.94 0.0
22 23:35 NW 13 16.09 Overcast OVC034 0.6 -6.1 61% -3 76.91 0.0
22 23:15 NW 11 16.09 Overcast OVC034 0.8 -6.3 59% -2 76.89 0.0
22 22:55 NW 15 16.09 Overcast OVC034 1 -6.5 58% -3 76.89 0.0
22 22:35 NW 19 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC034 1 -6.7 57% -3 76.86 0.0
22 22:15 NW 9 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC034 1 -6.4 58% -2 76.86 0.0
22 21:55 NW 13 16.09 Overcast OVC034 1 -6.5 58% -2 76.84 0.0
22 21:35 NW 13 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC032 1 -6.4 58% -2 76.84 0.0
22 21:15 NW 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC032 1 -6.1 59% -3 76.81 0.0
22 20:55 N 9 16.09 Overcast OVC032 1 -5.6 62% -2 76.81 0.0
22 20:35 NW 17 16.09 Overcast OVC030 1 -5.6 62% -3 76.78 0.0
22 20:15 NW 7 16.09 Overcast OVC030 1 -5.7 61% -1 76.76 0.0
22 19:55 NW 13 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC030 1 -6 60% -2 76.73 0.0
22 19:35 NW 13 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC028 1 -6 60% -2 76.68 0.0
22 19:15 N 15 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC028 1 -6 60% -3 76.68 0.0
22 18:55 NW 17 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC028 1.2 -5.6 3 1.1 61% -3 76.66 0.0
22 18:35 NW 20 G 37 16.09 Overcast OVC028 1.5 -5.7 59% -3 76.63 0.0
22 18:15 NW 22 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC028 1.7 -5.3 60% -3 76.61 0.0
22 17:55 NW 15 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC028 1.8 -5.4 59% -2 76.58 0.0
22 17:35 NW 15 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC026 1.5 -5.5 60% -2 76.56 0.0
22 17:15 N 22 G 39 16.09 Overcast OVC026 1.7 -5.3 60% -3 76.53 0.0
22 16:55 NW 19 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC024 1.9 -4.9 61% -2 76.53 0.0
22 16:35 NW 22 G 39 16.09 Overcast OVC024 2 -4.5 62% -3 76.5 0.0
22 16:15 N 20 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC024 2.6 -4.3 61% -2 76.48 0.0
22 15:55 NW 20 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC024 2.5 -4.1 62% -2 76.45 0.0
22 15:35 NW 22 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC022 2.6 -4 62% -2 76.45 0.0
22 15:15 NW 28 G 37 16.09 Overcast OVC022 2.8 -3.9 62% -2 76.4 0.0
22 14:55 NW 19 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC022 2.8 -3.9 62% -1 76.4 0.0
22 14:35 N 19 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC022 2.9 -3.6 63% -1 76.4 0.0
22 14:15 NW 19 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC020 2.5 -3.5 65% -1 76.4 0.0
22 13:55 NW 24 G 44 16.09 Overcast OVC022 1.8 -3.6 68% -3 76.43 0.0
22 13:35 N 15 G 33 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN022 2 -3.9 65% -2 76.43 0.0
22 13:15 NW 9 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC020 1.8 -4.1 65% -1 76.35 0.0
22 12:55 N 13 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC018 1.8 -3.3 4.5 1.2 69% -1 76.38 0.0
22 12:35 NW 17 G 39 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN018 1.5 -3.3 71% -2 76.38 0.0
22 12:15 NW 26 G 44 16.09 Overcast OVC020 1.6 -3 72% -4 76.38 0.0
22 11:55 NW 26 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN020 2.5 -3.3 66% -2 76.3 0.0
22 11:35 N 19 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN020 2 -3.4 68% -2 76.28 0.0
22 11:15 N 17 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN020 BKN095 2.3 -3.2 67% -1 76.23 0.0
22 10:55 N 13 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC018 2.4 -3 68% -1 76.25 0.0
22 10:35 N 15 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC018 2.5 -2.7 69% -1 76.25 0.0
22 10:15 N 17 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC018 2.5 -2.6 69% -1 76.17 0.0
22 09:55 N 19 16.09 Overcast OVC018 2.6 -2.5 69% -1 76.17 0.0
22 09:35 N 17 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3 -2.1 70% -1 76.12 0.0
22 09:15 N 15 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3 -1.7 72% -0 76.1 0.0
22 08:55 NE 13 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3.3 -1.5 71% 0 76.05 0.0
22 08:35 N 19 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3.3 -1.2 73% -1 76 0.0
22 08:15 NE 17 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3.5 -1.1 72% 0 75.95 0.0
22 07:55 NE 19 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3.7 -0.7 73% -0 75.82 0.0
22 07:35 N 24 G 41 16.09 Overcast OVC016 3.8 -0.5 74% -1 75.82 0.0
22 07:15 NE 26 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC014 4.2 0 74% -0 75.77 0.0
22 06:55 NE 22 G 37 16.09 Overcast OVC014 4.5 0.5 12.9 4.5 76% 1 75.64 0.0
22 06:35 N 19 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC016 5.1 0.8 74% 2 75.72 0.0
22 06:15 N 19 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC016 5.8 1.4 74% 3 75.67 0.0
22 05:55 NE 11 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC016 5.8 1.5 74% 4 75.59 0.0
22 05:35 N 17 16.09 Overcast OVC018 6 1.5 73% 3 75.64 0.0
22 05:15 N 15 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN018 6.1 1.7 74% 3 75.59 0.0
22 04:55 N 11 G 35 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 6.6 2.1 73% 5 75.62 0.0
22 04:35 N 24 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 7 2.5 73% 4 75.57 0.0
22 04:15 N 19 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 7.3 2.9 74% 4 75.54 0.0
22 03:55 N 20 G 30 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT100 7.8 3.1 72% 5 75.54 0.0
22 03:35 N 15 16.09 Fair CLR 8.3 3.5 72% 6 75.57 0.0
22 03:15 NW 11 16.09 Fair CLR 8.7 3.8 72% 7 75.59 0.0
22 02:55 N 15 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 9 4 71% 7 75.54 0.0
22 02:35 NW 19 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 9.2 4.2 71% 7 75.59 0.0
22 02:15 NW 26 G 44 16.09 Fair CLR 10 4.5 69% 7 75.51 0.0
22 01:55 NW 24 G 37 16.09 Fair CLR 10.3 4.6 68% 75.41 0.0
22 01:35 N 19 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 10.8 4.7 66% 75.29 0.0
22 01:15 N 19 G 41 16.09 Fair CLR 11.7 4.7 62% 75.34 0.0
22 00:55 N 30 G 41 16.09 Fair CLR 13.1 5 23.2 13.1 58% 75.34 0.0
22 00:35 N 20 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 14.2 5.1 55% 75.31 0.0
22 00:15 N 15 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 15 5.1 52% 75.31 0.0
21 23:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 15.3 5.3 52% 75.31 0.0
21 23:35 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 15.5 5.7 52% 75.26 0.0
21 23:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 15.5 6.3 55% 75.23 0.0
21 22:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 16.1 6.5 53% 75.23 0.0
21 22:35 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 16.5 7 54% 75.26 0.0
21 22:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 16.7 7.2 54% 75.26 0.0
21 21:55 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 17.6 7.2 51% 75.26 0.0
21 21:35 NW 11 16.09 Fair CLR 18.1 7.4 50% 75.23 0.0
21 21:15 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.5 7.7 50% 75.26 0.0
21 20:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 19.1 7.2 46% 75.26 0.0
21 20:35 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.2 7 43% 75.23 0.0
21 20:15 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.5 7 42% 75.23 0.0
21 19:55 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR 21.1 7 40% 75.21 0.0
21 19:35 W 9 16.09 Fair CLR 21.7 7.1 39% 75.21 0.0
21 19:15 W 13 16.09 Fair CLR 22.8 6.5 35% 75.18 0.0
21 18:55 W 15 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 6.5 25.2 21.6 34% 75.18 0.0
21 18:35 W 19 16.09 Fair CLR 24 6.8 33% 25 75.18 0.0
21 18:15 W 15 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 24.5 7.1 33% 25 75.18 0.0
21 17:55 W 19 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 24.8 6.7 31% 25 75.18 0.0
21 17:35 SW 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 25.1 7.5 33% 26 75.21 0.0
21 17:15 W 17 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 25 8.5 35% 26 75.21 0.0
21 16:55 W 15 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 24.7 8.6 36% 25 75.23 0.0
21 16:35 W 20 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 24.7 8.3 35% 25 75.21 0.0
21 16:15 W 22 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 24.6 8.3 35% 25 75.23 0.0
21 15:55 W 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 8 36% 25 75.23 0.0
21 15:35 W 22 G 41 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 7.8 35% 25 75.26 0.0
21 15:15 W 19 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 24 8.5 37% 25 75.29 0.0
21 14:55 W 22 G 43 16.09 Fair CLR 23.6 7.9 37% 75.31 0.0
21 14:35 W 22 G 46 16.09 Fair CLR 23.7 7.7 36% 75.34 0.0
21 14:15 W 19 G 41 16.09 Fair CLR 23.6 7.5 36% 75.34 0.0
21 13:55 SW 19 G 43 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 7.9 39% 75.34 0.0
21 13:35 SW 20 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 7.7 39% 75.36 0.0
21 13:15 SW 24 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 6.9 38% 75.39 0.0
21 12:55 W 22 G 37 16.09 Fair CLR 21.5 6.5 21.5 9 38% 75.39 0.0
21 12:35 SW 15 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 20.5 6.3 40% 75.41 0.0
21 12:15 SW 15 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 20.4 6 39% 75.41 0.0
21 11:55 S 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 19.2 6.2 43% 75.44 0.0
21 11:35 S 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 18.1 6.5 47% 75.46 0.0
21 11:15 S 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 17.3 6.4 49% 75.49 0.0
21 10:55 S 19 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 16.8 6.1 49% 75.51 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)