Weather observations for the past three days for
Zapata, TX
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
10 03:15 SE 9 16.09 Light Rain CLR 20 19.5 97% 76.3 0.0
10 02:55 SE 9 16.09 Light Rain SCT120 20.1 19.5 96% 76.35 0.0 0.1
10 02:35 S 11 16.09 Drizzle SCT060 SCT075 OVC120 20.3 19.7 96% 76.4 0.0 0.08
10 02:15 S 9 11.27 Light Rain SCT070 BKN095 OVC120 20.3 19.7 96% 76.45 0.0 0.08
10 01:55 S 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT044 SCT095 BKN120 20.3 19.7 96% 76.48 0.0 0.1
10 01:35 SW 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT036 SCT045 BKN120 20.3 19.6 96% 76.48 0.0 0.08
10 01:15 Calm 16.09 Rain SCT013 SCT019 BKN120 20.6 19.5 93% 76.48 0.0 0.03
10 00:55 Calm 16.09 Rain BKN016 BKN021 OVC028 20.3 19.2 23.5 20.2 93% 76.45 0.0 0.05 0.05
10 00:35 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT022 BKN065 OVC110 20.2 19 93% 76.45 0.0 0.03
10 00:15 Calm 16.09 Rain SCT017 SCT070 BKN110 20.9 18.1 84% 76.45 0.0 0.03
09 23:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT017 21 17.9 83% 76.4 0.0
09 23:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 21.1 18.1 83% 76.4 0.0
09 23:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 21.3 18.5 84% 76.43 0.0
09 22:55 E 9 G 26 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 21.3 18.8 86% 76.43 0.0
09 22:35 SE 17 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 21.3 19 87% 76.38 0.0
09 21:55 SE 15 G 28 16.09 Light Rain SCT095 21.1 18.8 87% 76.33 0.0
09 21:35 E 15 16.09 Rain BKN095 OVC110 21.5 18.7 84% 76.35 0.0
09 21:15 SE 6 16.09 Light Drizzle BKN120 21.8 18.7 83% 76.4 0.0
09 20:55 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT100 BKN120 22.2 18.3 79% 76.35 0.0
09 20:35 E 15 16.09 Light Rain SCT070 BKN110 22.6 18.2 76% 76.3 0.0
09 20:15 SE 19 G 28 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT070 SCT090 BKN120 23.2 18 73% 76.28 0.0
09 19:35 E 20 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 23.5 18.3 73% 76.25 0.0
09 19:15 E 19 G 30 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT085 23.5 18.2 72% 76.23 0.0
09 18:55 E 20 G 28 16.09 Overcast SCT065 OVC085 23.5 18.2 25.9 23.4 72% 76.2 0.0
09 18:35 E 22 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC065 23.7 18.5 73% 76.23 0.0
09 18:15 E 22 G 30 16.09 Overcast SCT050 OVC065 23.5 18.2 72% 76.28 0.0
09 17:55 E 26 G 31 16.09 Overcast SCT050 OVC065 23.6 17.8 70% 76.28 0.0
09 17:35 E 22 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC065 23.8 17.9 70% 76.25 0.0
09 17:15 E 20 G 30 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 BKN080 23.6 18 71% 76.25 0.0
09 16:55 E 20 G 39 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 17.6 68% 76.25 0.0
09 16:35 E 19 G 37 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT047 SCT060 24.7 17.5 64% 26 76.2 0.0
09 16:15 E 15 16.09 Overcast BKN041 BKN049 OVC060 25 17.7 64% 26 76.28 0.0
09 15:55 E 15 G 26 16.09 Overcast SCT030 BKN043 OVC049 24.3 18 68% 25 76.3 0.0
09 15:35 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT028 BKN039 OVC048 24.6 17.8 66% 26 76.33 0.0
09 15:15 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT030 BKN039 OVC046 24.5 17.6 66% 26 76.3 0.0
09 14:55 E 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast BKN030 OVC045 24.6 17.6 65% 26 76.33 0.0
09 14:35 E 20 16.09 Overcast OVC030 24.5 17.4 65% 26 76.33 0.0
09 14:15 E 22 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN030 BKN038 BKN065 25.1 17.6 63% 26 76.33 0.0
09 13:55 E 22 G 30 16.09 Overcast SCT034 BKN065 OVC120 25.9 18 62% 27 76.33 0.0
09 13:35 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT028 BKN034 OVC048 25 18 65% 26 76.35 0.0
09 13:15 SE 17 16.09 Overcast SCT028 BKN045 OVC060 24.8 17.8 65% 26 76.38 0.0
09 12:55 SE 11 16.09 Overcast SCT027 BKN044 OVC060 24.9 17.7 24.9 21 64% 26 76.38 0.0
09 12:35 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT022 OVC060 24.6 18.3 68% 26 76.4 0.0
09 12:15 SE 15 16.09 Overcast BKN022 BKN060 OVC080 24.5 18.5 69% 25 76.4 0.0
09 11:55 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT022 SCT035 OVC060 24 18.6 72% 25 76.43 0.0
09 11:35 SE 11 16.09 Overcast SCT022 BKN041 OVC060 23.7 19 75% 76.43 0.0
09 11:15 SE 9 16.09 Overcast BKN019 BKN025 OVC050 22.5 19.2 82% 76.43 0.0
09 10:55 SE 11 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT042 OVC060 22.3 19.3 83% 76.43 0.0
09 10:35 SE 13 16.09 Light Rain SCT016 SCT030 OVC060 22.1 19.4 85% 76.4 0.0
09 10:15 E 20 G 30 16.09 Light Rain OVC014 22.4 19 81% 76.35 0.0
09 09:55 SE 17 16.09 Overcast BKN014 BKN060 OVC085 22.5 19 81% 76.35 0.0
09 09:35 E 20 G 28 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT014 BKN065 BKN070 22.3 19 82% 76.35 0.0
09 09:15 E 19 16.09 Overcast BKN012 OVC065 21.8 19 84% 76.35 0.0
09 08:55 E 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast BKN013 OVC017 21.6 19 85% 76.33 0.0
09 08:35 E 19 16.09 Overcast BKN013 BKN021 OVC080 21.4 19.1 87% 76.33 0.0
09 08:15 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT035 OVC065 21.2 19.2 88% 76.33 0.0
09 07:55 E 11 11.27 Overcast SCT012 SCT019 OVC065 21 19.3 90% 76.33 0.0
09 07:35 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT012 BKN019 OVC065 21 19.3 90% 76.33 0.0
09 07:15 E 6 16.09 Overcast SCT010 OVC019 21 19.2 90% 76.33 0.0
09 06:55 E 7 16.09 Overcast BKN012 OVC019 21 19.1 21.3 21 89% 76.3 0.0
09 06:35 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN012 OVC017 21.1 19 88% 76.3 0.0
09 06:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN012 BKN017 OVC065 21.2 19 87% 76.3 0.0
09 05:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT012 SCT016 OVC080 21.2 19 87% 76.3 0.0
09 05:35 SE 11 16.09 Overcast SCT017 SCT039 OVC080 21.1 19 88% 76.28 0.0
09 05:15 SE 13 16.09 Overcast SCT010 SCT041 OVC090 21.1 19 88% 76.28 0.0
09 04:55 SE 13 16.09 Overcast SCT010 BKN045 OVC090 21.1 19 88% 76.28 0.0
09 04:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT012 BKN070 OVC090 21.1 19 88% 76.28 0.0
09 04:15 SE 17 16.09 Overcast SCT046 BKN070 OVC090 21.2 18.8 86% 76.28 0.0
09 03:55 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT011 BKN060 OVC080 21.2 18.8 86% 76.28 0.0
09 03:35 SE 17 16.09 Overcast SCT013 SCT070 OVC080 21.2 18.8 86% 76.3 0.0
09 03:15 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT013 SCT070 OVC080 21.2 18.7 86% 76.3 0.0
09 02:55 SE 13 16.09 Overcast SCT039 SCT055 OVC080 21.3 18.7 85% 76.33 0.0
09 02:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT014 BKN038 OVC070 21.3 18.7 85% 76.33 0.0
09 02:15 SE 11 16.09 Overcast SCT036 OVC070 21.3 18.7 85% 76.33 0.0
09 01:55 E 9 16.09 Overcast SCT032 OVC070 21.2 18.6 85% 76.35 0.0
09 01:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast BKN032 OVC070 21.3 18.5 84% 76.35 0.0
09 01:15 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT032 OVC070 21.3 18.5 84% 76.35 0.0
09 00:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC070 21.2 18.2 22.8 21 83% 76.35 0.0
09 00:35 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT029 SCT039 OVC070 21.1 18 83% 76.35 0.0
09 00:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN027 OVC039 21.1 17.9 82% 76.38 0.0
08 23:55 E 9 16.09 Overcast OVC029 21.1 18 83% 76.38 0.0
08 23:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC029 21.1 18 83% 76.4 0.0
08 23:15 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT025 OVC033 21.1 18 83% 76.38 0.0
08 22:55 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT023 OVC033 21.1 18 83% 76.38 0.0
08 22:35 E 19 16.09 Overcast OVC029 21.1 18 83% 76.35 0.0
08 22:15 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT025 SCT031 OVC065 21.1 18 83% 76.35 0.0
08 21:55 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT031 OVC065 21.2 17.9 82% 76.33 0.0
08 21:35 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT016 OVC065 21.3 17.7 80% 76.3 0.0
08 21:15 E 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast SCT016 OVC065 21.7 17.7 78% 76.28 0.0
08 20:55 E 15 16.09 Overcast OVC065 22 17.7 77% 76.28 0.0
08 20:35 E 20 G 31 16.09 Overcast SCT022 OVC065 22.3 17.5 74% 76.25 0.0
08 20:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT022 OVC065 22.6 17.7 74% 76.23 0.0
08 19:55 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT021 OVC065 22.5 17.8 75% 76.23 0.0
08 19:35 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT023 OVC065 22.5 17.8 75% 76.2 0.0
08 19:15 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT021 SCT040 OVC065 22.7 18.1 75% 76.2 0.0
08 18:55 E 13 16.09 Overcast OVC065 22.8 18.1 25.3 22.6 75% 76.2 0.0
08 18:35 E 15 16.09 Overcast BKN033 OVC065 22.8 18.4 76% 76.2 0.0
08 18:15 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT020 OVC033 22.9 18.2 75% 76.2 0.0
08 17:55 E 13 G 26 16.09 Overcast SCT020 BKN040 OVC065 23.6 18.1 71% 76.2 0.0
08 17:35 E 13 16.09 Overcast OVC040 23.5 17.7 70% 76.2 0.0
08 17:15 E 17 16.09 Overcast BKN042 OVC070 23 17.5 71% 76.2 0.0
08 16:55 SE 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast SCT020 BKN060 OVC070 23.5 18.1 72% 76.2 0.0
08 16:35 E 20 G 30 16.09 Overcast SCT024 BKN035 OVC055 24 17.8 68% 25 76.2 0.0
08 16:15 E 15 16.09 Overcast BKN033 OVC042 25 17.1 62% 26 76.2 0.0
08 15:55 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT030 BKN037 OVC042 24.7 17 62% 26 76.2 0.0
08 15:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast SCT027 OVC036 24.6 17 63% 26 76.23 0.0
08 15:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN029 OVC035 24.5 17.2 64% 26 76.23 0.0
08 14:55 E 13 16.09 Overcast BKN027 OVC035 25 17.2 62% 26 76.25 0.0
08 14:35 E 15 G 28 16.09 Overcast SCT025 BKN044 OVC055 24.9 17.2 62% 26 76.28 0.0
08 14:15 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT021 BKN038 OVC044 24.5 17.5 65% 26 76.28 0.0
08 13:55 SE 13 16.09 Overcast SCT021 SCT026 OVC040 24.1 17.5 67% 25 76.3 0.0
08 13:35 SE 17 16.09 Overcast BKN021 OVC044 24.1 17.5 67% 25 76.33 0.0
08 13:15 E 17 16.09 Overcast BKN021 BKN037 OVC046 24.1 17.4 66% 25 76.33 0.0
08 12:55 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT025 BKN036 OVC046 23.7 17.3 24 16.5 67% 76.35 0.0
08 12:35 SE 13 16.09 Overcast BKN025 OVC034 23.6 16.9 66% 76.38 0.0
08 12:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN027 OVC036 23.9 16.7 64% 25 76.38 0.0
08 11:55 E 17 16.09 Overcast BKN027 OVC032 23.4 16.6 66% 76.38 0.0
08 11:35 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT027 BKN034 BKN048 23.5 16.6 65% 76.38 0.0
08 11:15 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT025 SCT029 BKN060 23.8 16.6 64% 76.38 0.0
08 10:55 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT040 BKN065 23.7 16.6 65% 76.38 0.0
08 10:35 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT028 SCT065 23.1 16.5 67% 76.38 0.0
08 10:15 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN028 22.1 16.3 70% 76.38 0.0
08 09:35 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN025 20.5 16 76% 76.35 0.0
08 09:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN021 OVC027 20.1 15.8 76% 76.33 0.0
08 08:55 E 7 16.09 Overcast OVC027 19.5 15.7 79% 76.33 0.0
08 08:35 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT027 18.8 15.7 82% 76.33 0.0
08 08:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 18 15.6 86% 76.3 0.0
08 07:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17 15.5 91% 76.28 0.0
08 07:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 16.5 15.2 92% 76.28 0.0
08 07:15 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 16.6 15.3 92% 76.25 0.0
08 06:55 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT027 16.7 15.3 19 16.6 92% 76.25 0.0
08 06:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT027 SCT075 16.6 15.3 92% 76.25 0.0
08 06:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 16.7 15.2 91% 76.25 0.0
08 05:50 NE 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN075 16.7 15.3 92% 76.25 0.0
08 05:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT034 BKN075 16.8 15.3 91% 76.25 0.0
08 05:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT032 BKN075 17 15.5 91% 76.25 0.0
08 04:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 17 15.2 89% 76.23 0.0
08 04:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT029 SCT038 17.5 15.1 86% 76.25 0.0
08 04:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC035 17.7 15.1 85% 76.25 0.0
08 03:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC031 17.9 15 83% 76.28 0.0
08 03:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC031 17.8 15 84% 76.28 0.0
08 03:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC031 17.5 15 85% 76.28 0.0
08 02:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 BKN038 17 14.7 86% 76.28 0.0
08 02:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT033 SCT038 17.4 14.5 83% 76.28 0.0
08 02:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT033 17.7 14.5 82% 76.3 0.0
08 01:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17.8 14.3 80% 76.3 0.0
08 01:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 18.2 14.3 78% 76.3 0.0
08 01:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 18.6 14.1 75% 76.33 0.0
08 00:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 19 14 24.5 19 73% 76.3 0.0
08 00:35 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.2 13.8 71% 76.28 0.0
08 00:15 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 19.5 13.5 68% 76.28 0.0
07 23:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.9 13.1 65% 76.3 0.0
07 23:35 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 20 13 64% 76.33 0.0
07 23:15 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 20.5 13 62% 76.33 0.0
07 22:55 E 13 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 13 62% 76.33 0.0
07 22:35 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 21.2 12.8 59% 76.3 0.0
07 22:15 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 21.2 12.5 58% 76.28 0.0
07 21:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC075 21.6 11.4 52% 76.25 0.0
07 21:35 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC075 22.1 9.7 45% 76.23 0.0
07 21:15 SE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC075 22.5 9.9 45% 76.2 0.0
07 20:55 SE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC075 22.6 9.4 43% 76.2 0.0
07 20:35 SE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC075 23.1 9.5 42% 76.17 0.0
07 20:15 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC075 23.4 10.2 43% 76.15 0.0
07 19:55 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC075 23.8 10.2 42% 76.15 0.0
07 19:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC075 24.2 10.1 41% 25 76.15 0.0
07 19:15 S 15 16.09 Overcast OVC075 24.3 10.1 41% 25 76.12 0.0
07 18:55 S 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN075 24.2 10.5 27.1 21.8 42% 25 76.12 0.0
07 18:35 S 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 24.5 10.1 40% 25 76.12 0.0
07 18:15 S 13 16.09 Fair CLR 25 9.6 38% 26 76.1 0.0
07 17:55 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 25.8 9.3 35% 26 76.1 0.0
07 17:35 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 26.5 8.4 32% 26 76.1 0.0
07 17:15 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 27 7.6 29% 26 76.1 0.0
07 16:55 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 26 7.3 30% 26 76.12 0.0
07 16:35 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 26.2 7.8 31% 26 76.12 0.0
07 16:15 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 25.5 7.9 33% 26 76.15 0.0
07 15:55 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 25.5 8.6 34% 26 76.15 0.0
07 15:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 25 8.6 35% 26 76.2 0.0
07 15:15 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 8.8 39% 76.2 0.0
07 14:55 E 20 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 24.3 9.2 38% 25 76.23 0.0
07 14:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 24.4 9.3 38% 25 76.28 0.0
07 14:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 9.3 41% 76.3 0.0
07 13:55 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.4 9.3 43% 76.33 0.0
07 13:35 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 8.9 42% 76.35 0.0
07 13:15 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 21.9 9.7 46% 76.4 0.0
07 12:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 21.8 9.5 21.8 12.3 46% 76.43 0.0
07 12:35 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 21.1 10.1 50% 76.45 0.0
07 12:15 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 20.8 11.6 56% 76.48 0.0
07 11:55 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 20 12 60% 76.48 0.0
07 11:35 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 19.5 11.9 62% 76.5 0.0
07 11:15 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.8 12 61% 76.53 0.0
07 10:55 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 19.5 11.7 61% 76.53 0.0
07 10:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 19.4 11.7 61% 76.56 0.0
07 10:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 18.7 12.4 67% 76.56 0.0
07 09:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17.8 12.1 69% 76.58 0.0
07 09:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17.4 12.1 71% 76.58 0.0
07 09:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 16.9 11.9 73% 76.56 0.0
07 08:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 16.1 12.1 77% 76.5 0.0
07 08:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.9 12.2 84% 76.48 0.0
07 08:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.2 12 87% 76.45 0.0
07 07:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.2 12 93% 76.43 0.0
07 07:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.6 11.8 95% 76.45 0.0
07 07:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.3 11.2 93% 76.45 0.0
07 06:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.1 11 15.3 13 87% 76.43 0.0
07 06:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.1 11 87% 76.4 0.0
07 06:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 13.1 10.8 86% 76.4 0.0
07 05:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 13.5 10.7 83% 76.43 0.0
07 05:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.5 10.8 84% 76.43 0.0
07 05:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.6 11 84% 76.4 0.0
07 04:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 13.7 10.8 83% 76.4 0.0
07 04:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.7 10.7 82% 76.4 0.0
07 04:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 13.9 10.8 82% 76.4 0.0
07 03:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 13.8 11 83% 76.43 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)