National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Chandler, Chandler Municipal Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
15 05:30 N 6 16.09 Overcast OVC085 18.9 15.8 82% 76.45 0.0
15 05:10 NE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC085 19.2 15.6 80% 76.45 0.0
15 04:50 N 7 16.09 Overcast OVC085 19.2 15.7 80% 76.45 0.0
15 04:30 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC085 19.3 15.7 80% 76.45 0.0
15 04:15 NE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC080 19.3 15.5 79% 76.43 0.0
15 03:55 NE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC080 19.3 15.6 79% 76.43 0.0
15 03:30 NE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC080 19.2 15.7 80% 76.43 0.0
15 03:10 NE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC080 19.5 15.9 80% 76.43 0.0
15 02:50 E 7 16.09 Overcast OVC080 19.5 16 80% 76.45 0.0
15 02:30 NE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN070 19.6 16.3 81% 76.45 0.0
15 02:10 NE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT070 18.9 16.8 88% 76.48 0.0
15 01:55 N 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 19.2 17 87% 76.48 0.0
15 01:35 N 9 16.09 Overcast OVC075 19.3 17.1 87% 76.45 0.0
15 01:15 N 11 16.09 Overcast OVC070 18.9 17.5 92% 76.48 0.0
15 00:50 N 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN070 19.3 17.7 24.6 18.9 91% 76.48 0.0
15 00:10 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN070 19.7 18 90% 76.5 0.0
14 23:50 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19.7 17.1 85% 76.5 0.0
14 23:30 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19.3 17.8 91% 76.48 0.0
14 23:10 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19.7 16.8 83% 76.5 0.0
14 22:50 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 19.4 17.2 87% 76.48 0.0
14 22:30 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 19.9 17.4 86% 76.48 0.0
14 22:10 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 20 17.4 85% 76.48 0.0
14 21:50 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT070 20.4 17.5 84% 76.45 0.0
14 21:35 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT070 20.7 16.3 76% 76.43 0.0
14 21:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 20.6 17.4 82% 76.4 0.0
14 20:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 20.9 18 84% 76.4 0.0
14 20:30 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 21.8 16.9 74% 76.4 0.0
14 20:10 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 16 67% 76.35 0.0
14 19:50 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.4 15.9 63% 76.35 0.0
14 19:30 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24 15.3 58% 25 76.33 0.0
14 19:10 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.3 15.2 57% 25 76.35 0.0
14 18:50 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 24.6 15.3 25.7 22.2 56% 26 76.35 0.0
14 18:30 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.8 15.7 57% 26 76.35 0.0
14 18:10 N 15 16.09 Fair CLR 24.8 15.2 55% 26 76.38 0.0
14 17:50 NE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 24.7 14.9 55% 26 76.38 0.0
14 17:30 N 11 16.09 Fair CLR 25 15.3 55% 26 76.4 0.0
14 17:15 N 17 16.09 Fair CLR 25 15.1 54% 26 76.43 0.0
14 16:55 N 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.7 15.2 56% 26 76.43 0.0
14 16:35 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 15.3 58% 25 76.45 0.0
14 16:10 N 17 16.09 Fair CLR 24.7 15.8 58% 26 76.43 0.0
14 15:50 NE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 24.9 15.4 56% 26 76.45 0.0
14 15:30 NE 19 G 33 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN043 24.8 15.4 56% 26 76.48 0.0
14 15:10 N 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN043 24.8 16.3 59% 26 76.5 0.0
14 14:30 N 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 24.1 16.7 63% 25 76.53 0.0
14 14:10 N 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 BKN037 24 16.8 64% 25 76.53 0.0
14 13:50 NE 19 16.09 Overcast SCT028 OVC037 23.5 16.7 66% 76.53 0.0
14 13:30 N 17 16.09 Overcast OVC026 22.5 16.8 70% 76.56 0.0
14 13:10 N 17 16.09 Overcast OVC022 22.7 17.2 71% 76.56 0.0
14 12:55 N 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC022 22.6 17.5 23.1 19.3 73% 76.53 0.0
14 12:35 N 13 16.09 Overcast OVC020 22.6 18 75% 76.53 0.0
14 12:15 N 15 16.09 Overcast BKN018 OVC023 22.2 17.9 77% 76.53 0.0
14 11:50 N 15 16.09 Overcast OVC016 21.4 18 81% 76.53 0.0
14 11:30 N 19 16.09 Overcast BKN014 OVC019 20.5 17.8 85% 76.53 0.0
14 11:10 N 15 16.09 Overcast OVC012 20.1 18.3 89% 76.53 0.0
14 10:50 N 17 16.09 Overcast OVC008 20 18 88% 76.53 0.0
14 10:30 N 15 16.09 Overcast OVC008 19.4 18.2 93% 76.53 0.0
14 10:10 N 17 16.09 Overcast OVC006 19.4 18.2 93% 76.53 0.0
14 09:50 N 11 16.09 Overcast BKN006 OVC012 19.7 18.7 94% 76.5 0.0
14 09:30 N 20 16.09 Overcast SCT008 BKN012 OVC022 19.5 18.3 93% 76.48 0.0
14 09:10 N 11 16.09 Overcast BKN010 OVC020 20.4 19.4 94% 76.45 0.0
14 08:50 N 7 16.09 Overcast SCT010 OVC016 20 19.3 96% 76.45 0.0
14 08:15 N 9 16.09 Overcast OVC006 19.9 19.5 98% 76.4 0.0
14 07:55 N 13 16.09 Overcast BKN006 OVC011 19.6 19.3 98% 76.38 0.0
14 07:30 NW 6 16.09 Overcast OVC016 19.4 19.1 98% 76.4 0.0
14 07:10 SW 6 16.09 Overcast OVC018 19.4 19.1 98% 76.38 0.0
14 06:50 SW 7 16.09 Overcast SCT002 OVC018 19.3 19.1 19.4 18.6 99% 76.35 0.0 1.42
14 06:10 NW 9 16.09 Light Drizzle BKN002 BKN025 BKN110 19.1 18.8 98% 76.28 0.0
14 05:50 NE 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT002 SCT045 SCT120 19 19 100% 76.25 0.0 0.03
14 05:30 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT120 19.1 18.8 98% 76.25 0.0 0.03
14 05:10 E 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT040 SCT055 BKN120 19.2 18.8 98% 76.23 0.0 0.03
14 04:50 W 9 16.09 Light Rain SCT050 SCT075 OVC110 19.1 18.7 98% 76.3 0.0 0.08
14 04:30 NE 11 16.09 Light Rain SCT005 SCT036 BKN110 19.3 18.8 97% 76.25 0.0 0.03
14 04:15 NW 13 16.09 Light Rain SCT040 SCT070 BKN100 19.1 18.6 97% 76.28 0.0
14 03:55 N 7 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT075 BKN100 BKN120 19.2 18.7 97% 76.23 0.0 0.03 1.09
14 03:30 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT070 OVC100 19.2 18.6 96% 76.15 0.0
14 03:10 S 11 16.09 Light Rain BKN080 BKN100 BKN120 19.1 18.5 96% 76.12 0.0
14 02:50 S 13 16.09 Light Rain SCT075 OVC110 19.1 18.4 96% 76.12 0.0 0.38
14 02:30 SE 6 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT037 BKN075 OVC110 19 18.2 95% 76.15 0.0 0.36
14 02:10 W 6 11.27 Thunderstorm Rain SCT044 BKN080 OVC090 19.2 18.2 94% 76.25 0.0 0.13
14 01:55 W 9 16.09 Thunderstorm Rain SCT060 BKN080 OVC090 18.9 18.2 96% 76.17 0.0 0.58
14 01:35 NE 9 11.27 Light Rain SCT047 BKN060 OVC090 18.8 18 95% 76.15 0.0 0.48
14 01:15 Calm 8.05 Thunderstorm Rain in Vicinity Fog/Mist SCT028 BKN048 OVC060 18.7 18 96% 76.2 0.0 0.36
14 00:50 N 28 G 46 4.83 Thunderstorm Heavy Rain Fog/Mist SCT010 BKN019 OVC032 19 18.1 33.4 18.9 95% 76.23 0.0 1.8 1.8
14 00:30 N 56 G 76 4.02 Thunderstorm Heavy Rain in Vicinity Fog/Mist and Windy SCT010 SCT017 OVC037 20.8 19 90% 76.2 0.0 0.56
14 00:10 N 30 G 39 16.09 Light Rain OVC037 23 18.4 75% 76.15 0.0
13 23:50 N 22 G 41 16.09 Overcast BKN032 BKN046 OVC090 23.8 18.6 73% 76.15 0.0
13 23:30 NE 20 G 54 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT027 SCT042 BKN090 24.9 19.2 71% 26 76.07 0.0
13 23:10 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 27.5 22.7 75% 30 75.87 0.0
13 22:50 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.7 22.8 75% 31 75.82 0.0
13 22:30 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.8 22.7 74% 31 75.82 0.0
13 22:10 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 28 22.6 73% 31 75.79 0.0
13 21:50 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 28.6 22.4 69% 32 75.74 0.0
13 21:35 S 20 16.09 Fair CLR 28.7 22.6 70% 32 75.72 0.0
13 21:15 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 28.8 22.6 69% 32 75.72 0.0
13 20:55 S 13 16.09 Fair CLR 29.3 22 65% 32 75.74 0.0
13 20:30 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 30 22.2 63% 33 75.69 0.0
13 20:10 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 30.5 22.2 61% 34 75.69 0.0
13 19:50 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 31.5 22 57% 35 75.67 0.0
13 19:30 S 20 16.09 Fair CLR 32.1 22.1 55% 36 75.64 0.0
13 19:10 S 22 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 32.8 22.2 54% 37 75.64 0.0
13 18:50 S 24 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 33.4 22.5 34.8 31.1 53% 38 75.64 0.0
13 18:30 S 19 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 33.8 22.3 51% 38 75.67 0.0
13 18:10 S 26 G 39 16.09 Fair CLR 34.2 21.6 48% 38 75.69 0.0
13 17:50 S 26 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 34.5 21.8 48% 39 75.72 0.0
13 17:30 SW 26 G 33 0.00 Partly Cloudy SCT050 34.7 22.7 50% 40 75.74 0.0
13 17:15 S 20 G 37 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 34.4 22.7 51% 39 75.74 0.0
13 16:55 S 24 G 31 11.27 Partly Cloudy SCT050 34.4 23.5 53% 40 75.77 0.0
13 16:35 S 20 16.09 Fair CLR 34.3 23.9 55% 41 75.77 0.0
13 16:10 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 34.2 24.3 56% 41 75.79 0.0
13 15:50 S 22 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 33.6 24.7 60% 41 75.82 0.0
13 15:30 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 32 24.7 65% 39 75.82 0.0
13 15:10 S 13 16.09 Fair CLR 31.5 24.4 66% 38 75.84 0.0
13 14:50 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 31.3 24.7 68% 38 75.84 0.0
13 14:30 SW 13 16.09 Fair CLR 31.4 24.5 67% 38 75.87 0.0
13 14:10 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 31.5 24.2 65% 37 75.87 0.0
13 13:50 S 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT040 SCT049 31.5 24.6 67% 38 75.9 0.0
13 13:30 S 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT042 BKN049 31.2 24.2 66% 37 75.9 0.0
13 13:10 S 20 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT034 BKN043 31.5 23.8 64% 37 75.92 0.0
13 12:55 SW 26 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN036 BKN041 32.7 24.3 33.2 20.2 61% 39 75.92 0.0
13 12:35 S 20 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN030 BKN038 31.9 24.1 63% 38 75.92 0.0
13 12:15 S 20 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN028 BKN036 30.7 24.1 68% 36 75.95 0.0
13 11:50 S 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN021 BKN027 30.5 24.4 70% 36 75.92 0.0
13 11:30 S 17 G 35 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 BKN024 29.5 24.4 74% 35 75.9 0.0
13 11:10 S 28 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN013 BKN018 28.2 23.8 77% 32 75.9 0.0
13 10:50 S 20 16.09 Overcast OVC011 26.9 23.7 83% 30 75.87 0.0
13 10:30 S 26 G 31 16.09 Overcast BKN011 OVC017 26.1 23 83% 28 75.9 0.0
13 10:10 S 26 G 35 16.09 Overcast BKN011 OVC016 25.7 22.8 84% 27 75.92 0.0
13 09:50 S 22 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT011 26 22.8 83% 28 75.95 0.0
13 09:30 S 19 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 24.8 22.3 86% 25 75.97 0.0
13 09:10 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 22 88% 24 75.97 0.0
13 08:50 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 22.9 21.4 91% 76 0.0
13 08:35 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 22.6 21.2 92% 75.95 0.0
13 08:15 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 21.9 21.3 96% 76.02 0.0
13 07:55 SE 20 16.09 Fair CLR 21 20.6 98% 75.97 0.0
13 07:30 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 20.6 20.1 97% 76.02 0.0
13 07:10 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 20.3 19.8 97% 76.07 0.0
13 06:50 SE 11 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT070 SCT100 20.1 19.6 23.8 20.1 97% 76.1 0.0 0.1 0.33
13 06:30 SE 11 16.09 Thunderstorm OVC055 20.2 19.5 96% 76.12 0.0 0.1
13 06:10 N 11 8.05 Thunderstorm Fog/Mist in Vicinity SCT026 BKN033 OVC055 20.2 19.3 95% 76.17 0.0 0.05
13 05:50 N 24 11.27 Thunderstorm Rain Fog/Mist SCT018 BKN024 OVC031 20.4 19.2 93% 76.17 0.0 0.18
13 05:30 N 37 G 50 16.09 Overcast and Breezy SCT012 OVC018 22.5 18.5 78% 76.17 0.0
13 05:10 NW 33 G 44 16.09 Partly Cloudy and Breezy SCT012 SCT017 SCT070 23 20.7 87% 76.17 0.0
13 04:50 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 22.9 20.9 89% 76.05 0.0
13 04:30 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 22.9 20.8 88% 76.07 0.0
13 04:15 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 22.9 20.6 87% 76.07 0.0
13 03:55 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 23 20.4 85% 76.05 0.0
13 03:30 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 23.1 20.2 84% 76.07 0.0
13 03:10 S 20 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 20.1 83% 76.07 0.0
13 02:50 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 20.1 82% 76.07 0.0
13 02:30 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 20.1 82% 76.07 0.0
13 02:10 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 24 20 78% 24 76.07 0.0
13 01:50 S 19 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 23.5 20.2 82% 76.07 0.0
13 01:35 S 22 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 23.6 20.3 82% 76.1 0.0
13 01:15 S 19 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 23.7 20.5 82% 76.1 0.0
13 00:50 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 20.8 28.6 23.8 83% 76.1 0.0
13 00:30 S 22 16.09 Fair CLR 24 21.1 84% 24 76.07 0.0
13 00:10 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.3 21.6 85% 25 76.07 0.0
12 23:50 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 24.4 22 87% 25 76.1 0.0
12 23:30 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 24.6 22.3 87% 25 76.1 0.0
12 23:10 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT042 24.8 22.4 87% 25 76.1 0.0
12 22:50 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 25 22.4 86% 26 76.07 0.0
12 22:30 SE 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN041 25.3 22.5 85% 26 76.05 0.0
12 22:10 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT039 BKN047 25.2 22.5 85% 26 76.05 0.0
12 21:50 SE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT041 BKN048 25.3 22.5 85% 26 76.02 0.0
12 21:35 SE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN043 25.4 22.5 84% 27 76.02 0.0
12 21:15 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 25.5 22.5 84% 27 76.02 0.0
12 20:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 25.7 22.5 83% 27 76.02 0.0
12 20:30 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 26.2 22.5 80% 28 76 0.0
12 20:10 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 26.8 22.5 77% 29 75.97 0.0
12 19:50 SE 15 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 27.2 22.4 75% 30 75.97 0.0
12 19:30 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.7 22.5 73% 31 76 0.0
12 19:10 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.9 22.6 73% 31 76 0.0
12 18:50 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 28.8 22.7 31.2 26.4 70% 32 76 0.0
12 18:30 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 29 23 70% 33 76 0.0
12 18:10 SE 15 11.27 Mostly Cloudy BKN032 29.7 22.8 66% 34 76 0.0
12 17:50 E 19 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 22.5 66% 33 76 0.0
12 17:30 E 22 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 22.2 65% 33 76.02 0.0
12 17:15 E 17 G 31 11.27 Fair CLR 29.5 22.1 64% 33 76.02 0.0
12 16:55 E 20 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 29.4 21.9 64% 32 76.05 0.0
12 16:35 E 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT045 30.2 21.9 61% 33 76.05 0.0
12 16:10 E 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT043 30.5 21.6 59% 34 76.1 0.0
12 15:50 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 30.4 21.4 59% 33 76.1 0.0
12 15:30 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 30.8 20.7 55% 33 76.12 0.0
12 15:10 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 30.3 20 54% 32 76.12 0.0
12 14:50 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 30.1 19.8 54% 32 76.15 0.0
12 14:30 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 20.8 60% 32 76.15 0.0
12 14:10 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 28.6 21.2 64% 31 76.17 0.0
12 13:50 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 28 21.1 66% 30 76.17 0.0
12 13:30 S 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 27.3 20.9 68% 29 76.2 0.0
12 13:10 S 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT020 BKN048 27.1 21.2 70% 29 76.23 0.0
12 12:55 S 17 16.09 Overcast OVC048 26.6 21.1 27.1 21.5 72% 28 76.25 0.0
12 12:35 S 9 16.09 Overcast SCT017 OVC044 26.8 21 71% 29 76.28 0.0
12 12:15 S 19 16.09 Overcast SCT015 BKN032 OVC038 26.3 21.1 73% 28 76.3 0.0
12 11:50 S 13 16.09 Overcast SCT013 OVC028 24.5 21.6 84% 25 76.3 0.0
12 11:30 S 17 16.09 Overcast SCT018 OVC026 23.7 21.7 89% 76.3 0.0
12 11:10 S 13 16.09 Overcast BKN006 BKN016 OVC022 23 22.2 95% 76.3 0.0
12 10:50 E 9 4.02 Fog/Mist BKN006 OVC010 23.3 22.1 93% 76.33 0.0
12 10:30 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC010 23.8 21.4 86% 76.3 0.0
12 10:10 E 17 16.09 Overcast OVC012 23.9 21.1 84% 24 76.3 0.0
12 09:50 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC012 23.9 20.8 83% 24 76.3 0.0
12 09:30 NE 15 16.09 Overcast OVC014 23.8 20.7 83% 76.28 0.0
12 09:10 NE 15 11.27 Overcast OVC014 23.7 20.5 82% 76.28 0.0
12 08:50 NE 17 16.09 Overcast BKN014 OVC022 23.5 19.9 80% 76.25 0.0
12 08:35 NE 13 16.09 Overcast SCT014 OVC024 23.6 19.6 78% 76.25 0.0
12 08:15 NE 13 16.09 Overcast OVC024 22.8 18.6 77% 76.25 0.0
12 07:55 NE 13 16.09 Overcast BKN022 OVC110 22.7 18.1 75% 76.23 0.0
12 07:30 N 17 16.09 Overcast BKN022 OVC110 21.9 17.2 75% 76.2 0.0
12 07:10 N 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 21.7 16.8 74% 76.2 0.0
12 06:50 N 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT080 SCT110 21.5 16.4 26.1 21.5 73% 76.17 0.0
12 06:30 N 17 16.09 Overcast SCT050 BKN060 OVC110 21.9 16.1 70% 76.17 0.0
12 06:10 N 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC050 22.2 15.9 68% 76.17 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)