Weather observations for the past three days for
Sauk Centre Municipal Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
27 05:35 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 BKN070 BKN090 17 17 100% 76.15 0.0
27 05:15 SE 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT065 SCT070 BKN090 17 17 100% 76.12 0.0
27 04:55 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT065 SCT070 BKN080 17.2 17.2 100% 76.12 0.0
27 04:35 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 SCT110 17.7 16 90% 76.12 0.0
27 04:15 SE 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT065 BKN090 17.9 15.8 88% 76.12 0.0
27 03:55 SE 15 16.09 Overcast SCT055 OVC065 18.3 15.7 85% 76.12 0.0
27 03:35 SE 15 16.09 Overcast OVC055 18.5 15.8 84% 76.17 0.0
27 03:15 SE 15 16.09 Overcast OVC060 18.7 15.6 82% 76.2 0.0
27 02:55 E 13 16.09 Overcast BKN060 OVC080 18.6 15.7 83% 76.2 0.0
27 02:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC070 18.5 15.6 83% 76.23 0.0
27 02:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC070 18.8 15.5 81% 76.23 0.0
27 01:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC090 18.6 15.7 83% 76.2 0.0
27 01:35 E 9 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC090 18.6 15.7 83% 76.17 0.0
27 01:15 NE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC070 18.5 15.7 84% 76.2 0.0
27 00:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC095 18.3 16.1 21.8 18.1 87% 76.2 0.0
27 00:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT070 OVC095 18.7 15.9 84% 76.17 0.0
27 00:15 E 7 16.09 Overcast OVC070 18.8 15.8 83% 76.17 0.0
26 23:55 E 7 16.09 Overcast BKN060 OVC075 18.5 16.3 87% 76.17 0.0
26 23:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT060 BKN070 OVC085 18.6 16.3 87% 76.2 0.0
26 23:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast BKN060 OVC085 18.7 16 84% 76.17 0.0
26 22:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC060 18.9 15.9 83% 76.17 0.0
26 22:35 S 6 16.09 Overcast OVC070 19 15.9 82% 76.2 0.0
26 22:15 S 13 16.09 Overcast OVC070 18.8 15 79% 76.2 0.0
26 21:55 SE 7 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC095 19.2 14.3 73% 76.17 0.0
26 21:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC080 19.4 14.2 72% 76.17 0.0
26 21:15 SE 9 16.09 Overcast BKN080 OVC090 19.5 14.2 72% 76.17 0.0
26 20:55 SE 13 16.09 Overcast OVC090 20.2 15 72% 76.17 0.0
26 20:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT070 OVC080 20.5 15 71% 76.17 0.0
26 20:15 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC070 20.7 14.7 69% 76.17 0.0
26 19:55 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC080 21 14.5 67% 76.17 0.0
26 19:35 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC080 21.6 14.3 63% 76.17 0.0
26 19:15 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT044 OVC080 21.8 14 61% 76.17 0.0
26 18:55 E 9 16.09 Overcast SCT044 OVC080 21.9 14.4 24 20.6 63% 76.17 0.0
26 18:35 SE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT042 SCT050 BKN090 22.5 14.2 60% 76.17 0.0
26 18:15 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT040 SCT047 SCT120 22.8 14.5 60% 76.2 0.0
26 17:55 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT040 SCT047 BKN120 23.7 14.8 58% 76.2 0.0
26 17:35 E 13 16.09 Overcast OVC120 23.1 14.9 60% 76.2 0.0
26 17:15 E 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT041 BKN120 22.6 14.9 62% 76.23 0.0
26 16:55 E 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT039 SCT048 BKN120 22.5 14.8 62% 76.23 0.0
26 16:35 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT041 SCT050 BKN080 22.3 14.4 61% 76.23 0.0
26 16:15 SE 11 16.09 Overcast BKN041 BKN050 OVC090 22.7 14.8 61% 76.25 0.0
26 15:55 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN043 BKN060 BKN065 22.7 14.1 58% 76.25 0.0
26 15:35 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 22.7 13.1 55% 76.25 0.0
26 15:15 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 SCT049 23.1 14.3 58% 76.28 0.0
26 14:55 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 SCT049 22 13.8 60% 76.28 0.0
26 14:35 SE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT039 22.8 13.6 56% 76.3 0.0
26 14:15 SE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT037 21.6 13.7 61% 76.3 0.0
26 13:55 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 21.7 13.7 61% 76.33 0.0
26 13:35 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 21 13.9 64% 76.33 0.0
26 13:15 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT030 21.1 13.3 61% 76.33 0.0
26 12:55 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT030 21 13.6 21.1 12.4 63% 76.33 0.0
26 12:35 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 20.3 13.1 63% 76.33 0.0
26 12:15 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 SCT031 19.8 13.6 68% 76.33 0.0
26 11:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.8 14.1 70% 76.33 0.0
26 11:35 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 19.1 13.2 69% 76.33 0.0
26 11:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 19.1 13.3 69% 76.35 0.0
26 10:55 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.9 13.3 70% 76.35 0.0
26 10:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.6 13.5 72% 76.35 0.0
26 10:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 18.4 14.3 77% 76.35 0.0
26 09:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 17.5 14.6 83% 76.35 0.0
26 09:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 17.1 14.5 85% 76.35 0.0
26 08:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 16.2 15.4 95% 76.35 0.0
26 08:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 15.5 15.5 100% 76.35 0.0
26 08:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 14.9 14.9 100% 76.38 0.0
26 07:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 14.5 14.5 100% 76.35 0.0
26 07:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 14.1 14.1 100% 76.35 0.0
26 07:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 13 13 100% 76.33 0.0
26 06:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.2 12.2 13 10.3 100% 76.35 0.0
26 06:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.7 12.7 100% 76.35 0.0
26 06:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 11.9 11.9 100% 76.35 0.0
26 05:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 11.2 11.2 100% 76.35 0.0
26 05:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 11 11 100% 76.38 0.0
26 05:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 11.1 11.1 100% 76.35 0.0
26 04:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 10.9 10.9 100% 76.33 0.0
26 04:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 10.8 10.8 100% 76.33 0.0
26 04:15 NE 6 11.27 Fair CLR 11.2 11.2 100% 76.3 0.0
26 03:55 Calm 0.80 Fog VV005 11.3 11.3 100% 76.33 0.0
26 03:35 Calm 1.21 Fog/Mist VV005 11 11 100% 76.33 0.0
26 03:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 11.1 11.1 100% 76.33 0.0
26 02:55 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 11.3 11.3 100% 76.33 0.0
26 02:35 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist CLR 11.9 11.9 100% 76.33 0.0
26 02:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 11.4 11.4 100% 76.33 0.0
26 01:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.1 12.1 100% 76.3 0.0
26 01:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.8 12.8 100% 76.3 0.0
26 01:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.5 12.5 100% 76.3 0.0
26 00:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.6 12.6 22.1 12.5 100% 76.3 0.0
26 00:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.3 13.3 100% 76.3 0.0
26 00:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14 14 100% 76.3 0.0
25 23:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.5 14.5 100% 76.3 0.0
25 23:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.4 14.4 100% 76.3 0.0
25 23:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.2 14.2 100% 76.3 0.0
25 22:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.9 13.9 100% 76.3 0.0
25 22:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.8 13.9 89% 76.3 0.0
25 22:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.5 14 91% 76.3 0.0
25 21:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17 13.6 81% 76.3 0.0
25 21:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 18.1 13.2 73% 76.28 0.0
25 21:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 18.4 13.2 72% 76.28 0.0
25 20:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 19.6 13.2 67% 76.25 0.0
25 20:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.4 12.9 62% 76.25 0.0
25 20:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 21.4 12.2 56% 76.25 0.0
25 19:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 21.1 11.9 56% 76.25 0.0
25 19:35 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 21.6 10.9 51% 76.28 0.0
25 19:15 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 21.3 10.7 51% 76.28 0.0
25 18:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 11.1 22.6 19.8 49% 76.25 0.0
25 18:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 10.8 49% 76.25 0.0
25 18:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 10.4 48% 76.25 0.0
25 17:55 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.2 10.7 48% 76.28 0.0
25 17:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 22.4 11 49% 76.28 0.0
25 17:15 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT065 22.3 11.7 51% 76.28 0.0
25 16:55 NE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 21.5 11.2 52% 76.28 0.0
25 16:35 E 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT046 BKN060 21.9 11.2 51% 76.28 0.0
25 16:15 NE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT044 SCT060 BKN120 22.2 11.5 51% 76.28 0.0
25 15:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 12.3 53% 76.28 0.0
25 15:35 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT042 SCT050 SCT110 22.1 12 53% 76.28 0.0
25 15:15 NE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT042 BKN050 21.5 11.8 54% 76.3 0.0
25 14:55 NE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT038 SCT050 21.6 11.4 52% 76.3 0.0
25 14:35 E 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN038 BKN046 BKN050 20.3 11.9 59% 76.3 0.0
25 14:15 NE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT038 BKN046 21.3 11.6 54% 76.3 0.0
25 13:55 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN035 BKN044 21.2 11.7 55% 76.33 0.0
25 13:35 N 9 16.09 Overcast OVC033 20.4 12 59% 76.3 0.0
25 13:15 NE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN033 20.5 12.2 59% 76.3 0.0
25 12:55 N 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 19.6 11.8 20.1 12.6 61% 76.28 0.0
25 12:35 NE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN027 19.8 12.6 63% 76.28 0.0
25 12:15 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN025 BKN110 19.6 12.1 62% 76.28 0.0
25 11:55 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN021 18.6 12.6 68% 76.3 0.0
25 11:35 N 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 17.6 12.4 72% 76.3 0.0
25 11:15 NE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT013 SCT018 17.1 12.9 76% 76.3 0.0
25 10:55 N 9 16.09 Overcast SCT009 OVC013 16.6 13.8 84% 76.3 0.0
25 10:35 N 9 16.09 Overcast OVC007 15.2 15.2 100% 76.3 0.0
25 10:15 N 6 16.09 Overcast OVC007 14.7 14.7 100% 76.3 0.0
25 09:56 N 9 16.09 Overcast OVC005 14.3 14.3 100% 76.3 0.0
25 09:35 N 6 16.09 Overcast OVC003 14 14 100% 76.3 0.0
25 09:15 NE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC003 13.8 13.8 100% 76.28 0.0
25 08:55 NE 7 11.27 Overcast OVC003 13.5 13.5 100% 76.28 0.0
25 08:35 NE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC003 13.5 13.5 100% 76.28 0.0
25 08:15 N 7 11.27 Overcast OVC003 13.3 13.3 100% 76.28 0.0
25 07:55 NE 7 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC003 13.5 13.5 100% 76.28 0.0
25 07:35 N 9 0.80 Fog OVC001 13.2 13.2 100% 76.25 0.0
25 07:15 N 7 0.40 Fog OVC001 12.8 12.8 100% 76.25 0.0
25 06:55 N 6 0.40 Fog OVC001 12.7 12.7 13.2 10.4 100% 76.25 0.0
25 06:35 Calm 0.40 Fog OVC001 12.9 12.9 100% 76.25 0.0
25 06:15 N 7 0.40 Fog OVC001 12.7 12.7 100% 76.23 0.0
25 05:55 N 9 2.41 Fog/Mist OVC003 13 13 100% 76.17 0.0
25 05:35 N 6 4.83 Fog/Mist BKN005 BKN008 12.2 12.2 100% 76.17 0.0
25 05:15 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT009 10.7 10.7 100% 76.17 0.0
25 04:55 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 11.1 11.1 100% 76.17 0.0
25 04:35 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 10.8 10.8 100% 76.17 0.0
25 04:15 W 6 1.21 Fog/Mist VV005 11.2 11.2 100% 76.15 0.0
25 03:55 Calm 1.61 Fog/Mist VV007 11.5 11.5 100% 76.15 0.0
25 03:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 11.5 11.5 100% 76.12 0.0
25 03:15 W 6 11.27 Fair CLR 11.8 11.8 100% 76.12 0.0
25 02:55 W 6 6.44 Fog/Mist CLR 11.6 11.6 100% 76.12 0.0
25 02:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.5 12.5 100% 76.12 0.0
25 02:15 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR 12.7 12.7 100% 76.12 0.0
25 01:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 12.6 12.6 100% 76.12 0.0
25 01:35 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR 12.3 12.3 100% 76.12 0.0
25 01:15 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR 12.4 12.4 100% 76.12 0.0
25 00:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.3 13.3 19.9 13.2 100% 76.12 0.0
25 00:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 13.9 13.9 100% 76.12 0.0
25 00:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14 14 100% 76.15 0.0
24 23:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.2 14.2 100% 76.12 0.0
24 23:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14 14 100% 76.12 0.0
24 23:15 W 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 14.6 14.6 100% 76.12 0.0
24 22:55 NW 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 14.7 14.7 100% 76.12 0.0
24 22:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 14.5 14.5 100% 76.12 0.0
24 22:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 14.6 14.6 100% 76.12 0.0
24 21:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 15.4 15.4 100% 76.12 0.0
24 21:35 W 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 15.7 14.9 95% 76.1 0.0
24 21:15 W 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT085 BKN110 15.7 14.8 94% 76.12 0.0
24 20:55 NW 7 16.09 Rain SCT027 SCT048 BKN110 15.8 13.2 85% 76.12 0.0
24 20:35 W 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT075 SCT100 18.5 13.1 71% 76.1 0.0
24 20:15 W 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT032 SCT050 BKN100 18.5 13.7 74% 76.07 0.0
24 19:55 W 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT030 SCT050 BKN100 19 13.5 71% 76.1 0.0
24 19:35 W 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 SCT038 SCT055 19.7 13.5 68% 76.07 0.0
24 19:15 W 20 G 30 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT034 SCT055 BKN070 19.7 12.5 63% 76.05 0.0
24 18:55 W 22 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT032 SCT055 BKN070 20.1 12.8 20.9 18.8 63% 76.05 0.0
24 18:35 W 26 G 37 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT032 BKN085 BKN110 20 12.6 63% 76.07 0.0
24 18:15 W 24 G 44 16.09 Overcast SCT041 SCT050 OVC075 20.1 12.8 63% 76.07 0.0
24 17:55 W 28 16.09 Overcast SCT041 SCT047 OVC060 19.1 12.8 67% 76.07 0.0
24 17:35 W 26 G 31 16.09 Overcast SCT042 SCT048 OVC060 19.1 12.5 66% 76.1 0.0
24 17:15 W 22 G 43 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT034 SCT042 BKN050 20.1 12.4 61% 76.1 0.0
24 16:55 W 22 16.09 Overcast SCT036 SCT043 OVC060 20.6 11.9 58% 76.07 0.0
24 16:35 W 28 G 37 16.09 Overcast SCT036 BKN050 OVC075 19.6 12 62% 76.1 0.0
24 16:15 W 33 G 44 16.09 Mostly Cloudy and Breezy SCT038 BKN046 20 11.5 58% 76.1 0.0
24 15:55 W 28 G 39 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT034 SCT075 20.4 11.9 58% 76.1 0.0
24 15:35 W 28 G 43 16.09 Fair CLR 20.4 11.9 58% 76.1 0.0
24 15:15 W 30 G 41 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 20 11.2 57% 76.12 0.0
24 14:55 W 17 16.09 Overcast SCT032 OVC060 19.4 12.2 63% 76.12 0.0
24 14:35 W 20 G 30 16.09 Overcast SCT030 BKN036 OVC060 19.2 12.1 64% 76.15 0.0
24 14:15 W 22 G 35 16.09 Overcast SCT032 OVC060 18.9 11.8 64% 76.15 0.0
24 13:55 W 26 G 33 16.09 Overcast SCT032 SCT038 OVC060 18.8 11.9 64% 76.17 0.0
24 13:35 W 24 G 39 16.09 Overcast SCT034 OVC050 20.3 12.2 60% 76.15 0.0
24 13:15 W 24 G 35 16.09 Overcast SCT032 SCT040 OVC050 19.2 12 63% 76.17 0.0
24 12:55 W 24 G 31 16.09 Overcast SCT032 SCT040 OVC048 18.9 11.8 18.9 15.8 64% 76.17 0.0
24 12:35 W 19 G 30 16.09 Overcast SCT028 BKN035 OVC046 18.2 11.6 66% 76.17 0.0
24 12:15 W 19 G 28 16.09 Overcast SCT028 SCT033 OVC044 18.6 11.8 65% 76.17 0.0
24 11:55 W 17 G 30 16.09 Overcast SCT028 BKN038 OVC045 17.8 11.7 68% 76.17 0.0
24 11:35 W 24 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT028 BKN038 BKN044 18.6 12.1 66% 76.17 0.0
24 11:15 W 28 G 41 16.09 Overcast SCT030 OVC038 17.7 11.7 68% 76.17 0.0
24 10:55 W 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN030 BKN038 17.8 11.4 66% 76.17 0.0
24 10:35 W 24 G 31 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT027 BKN035 18.2 11.7 66% 76.17 0.0
24 10:15 W 22 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT025 SCT031 SCT120 18.7 12 65% 76.17 0.0
24 09:55 W 22 G 30 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 SCT031 18.7 12.9 69% 76.17 0.0
24 09:35 W 19 G 31 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT020 SCT026 SCT120 18.6 13.3 71% 76.17 0.0
24 09:15 W 20 G 28 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 SCT120 18.2 13.2 73% 76.17 0.0
24 08:55 W 22 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 17.7 13.4 76% 76.17 0.0
24 08:35 W 17 16.09 Fair CLR 17.5 14 80% 76.17 0.0
24 08:15 W 19 16.09 Fair CLR 17.4 13.8 80% 76.17 0.0
24 07:55 W 13 16.09 Fair CLR 17.1 14.7 86% 76.17 0.0
24 07:35 W 11 16.09 Fair CLR 17 15.9 93% 76.17 0.0
24 07:15 SW 9 11.27 Fair CLR 16.3 16.3 100% 76.17 0.0
24 06:55 SW 7 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 15.7 15.7 16.1 14.9 100% 76.2 0.0
24 06:35 SW 7 4.83 Fog/Mist BKN008 BKN120 15.3 15.3 100% 76.17 0.0
24 06:15 S 6 11.27 Overcast OVC008 15 15 100% 76.2 0.0
24 05:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast BKN010 OVC013 14.9 14.9 100% 76.2 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)