National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Giddings, Giddings-Lee County Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
20 20:55 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT048 SCT120 14.1 13 93% 76.76 0.0
20 20:35 E 11 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT048 SCT050 BKN090 14.1 13 93% 76.73 0.0
20 20:15 E 9 16.09 Rain BKN100 OVC120 14.3 13.2 93% 76.78 0.0
20 19:55 E 15 16.09 Light Rain SCT060 SCT090 BKN110 14.6 13.5 93% 76.78 0.0 0.03
20 19:35 E 9 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT040 SCT100 BKN120 14.6 13.5 93% 76.84 0.0
20 19:15 E 6 11.27 Rain SCT040 BKN085 OVC110 14.7 13.6 93% 76.84 0.0
20 18:55 Calm 8.05 Light Rain BKN090 OVC110 14.7 13.5 18.1 14.6 93% 76.84 0.0 0.2 1.32
20 18:35 E 7 11.27 Rain OVC100 14.6 13.4 93% 76.84 0.0 0.13
20 18:15 E 7 8.05 Rain SCT028 SCT070 OVC090 14.7 13.6 93% 76.86 0.0 0.08
20 17:55 Calm 4.02 Rain BKN028 BKN037 OVC090 15 14 94% 76.86 0.0 0.41
20 17:35 N 6 4.83 Heavy Rain SCT028 BKN035 OVC090 15 13.9 93% 76.89 0.0 0.2
20 17:15 NE 6 6.44 Rain SCT027 BKN050 OVC090 15.1 14 93% 76.84 0.0 0.08
20 16:55 NE 6 11.27 Rain SCT037 BKN070 OVC090 15.1 13.7 91% 76.89 0.0 0.18
20 16:35 NE 7 11.27 Light Rain BKN060 BKN070 OVC080 15.3 13.9 91% 76.91 0.0 0.15
20 16:15 N 9 6.44 Rain BKN060 OVC070 15.5 13.9 90% 76.94 0.0 0.1
20 15:55 NE 6 6.44 Rain SCT060 BKN070 OVC095 15.5 13.4 87% 76.94 0.0 0.36 0.51
20 15:35 Calm 4.83 Rain OVC095 15.5 13.7 89% 76.94 0.0 0.23
20 15:15 Calm 4.02 Rain BKN095 OVC120 15.6 14.1 91% 76.94 0.0 0.1
20 14:55 Calm 11.27 Rain SCT050 SCT065 OVC085 16.1 12.8 81% 76.96 0.0 0.1
20 14:35 E 7 11.27 Rain SCT055 BKN075 OVC085 16.1 12.9 81% 76.94 0.0 0.05
20 14:15 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT034 BKN060 OVC070 16.5 12.9 79% 76.96 0.0
20 13:55 Calm 11.27 Rain SCT050 BKN075 OVC090 17 12.7 76% 76.94 0.0 0.05
20 13:35 SW 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT043 SCT060 BKN090 17.6 11.5 68% 76.96 0.0
20 13:15 E 19 16.09 Light Rain SCT040 SCT048 OVC120 17.9 11.2 65% 76.84 0.0
20 12:55 SE 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN120 18 11 18.2 14.6 64% 76.94 0.0 0.03
20 12:35 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 18.2 11.4 65% 76.89 0.0
20 12:15 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 17.5 11.5 68% 76.94 0.0
20 11:35 S 6 16.09 Overcast SCT037 SCT048 OVC110 15.6 11.2 75% 76.99 0.0
20 11:15 E 9 16.09 Light Rain SCT047 SCT070 BKN100 15.4 11.3 77% 77.01 0.0
20 10:55 SE 6 16.09 Light Rain SCT029 SCT039 BKN050 15 11.6 80% 76.99 0.0 0.03
20 10:35 Calm 16.09 Rain SCT032 BKN050 OVC100 15 11.6 80% 77.01 0.0 0.03
20 10:15 NE 6 16.09 Rain SCT046 BKN090 OVC110 15.1 10.4 74% 76.99 0.0
20 09:55 E 11 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT039 BKN050 OVC110 15.6 10.1 70% 76.99 0.0
20 09:15 NE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT049 OVC065 15.5 9.2 66% 76.99 0.0
20 08:55 NE 7 16.09 Overcast BKN065 BKN090 OVC110 15 10.3 74% 76.99 0.0
20 08:35 NE 7 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT050 BKN090 OVC110 14.7 11.6 82% 76.99 0.0
20 08:15 NE 7 16.09 Light Rain BKN050 BKN060 OVC090 14.6 11.4 81% 76.99 0.0
20 07:55 N 7 16.09 Light Rain BKN050 OVC065 15 11.1 78% 77.01 0.0
20 07:35 NE 6 16.09 Rain SCT048 OVC070 15.3 10.5 73% 76.96 0.0
20 07:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT048 OVC070 15 11.1 78% 76.96 0.0
20 06:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT048 BKN060 OVC070 15 11.1 15.7 13.6 78% 76.94 0.0
20 06:35 N 7 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.2 11 76% 76.91 0.0
20 06:15 N 6 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.5 10.8 74% 76.94 0.0
20 05:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.2 11.3 78% 76.91 0.0
20 05:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.4 11.1 76% 76.91 0.0
20 05:15 N 7 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.4 10.6 73% 76.91 0.0
20 04:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.3 10.5 73% 76.91 0.0
20 04:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15.4 10 70% 76.89 0.0
20 04:15 N 6 16.09 Overcast OVC050 15 10.4 74% 76.86 0.0
20 03:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 14.9 10.2 74% 76.86 0.0
20 03:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 14.5 10.3 76% 76.81 0.0
20 03:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 14.6 11.1 80% 76.84 0.0
20 02:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT055 SCT070 14.1 10.7 80% 76.84 0.0
20 02:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT055 OVC070 14 11.6 86% 76.89 0.0
20 01:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.1 10.2 73% 76.94 0.0
20 01:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 14.7 10.8 78% 76.94 0.0
20 01:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC060 15.6 9.8 69% 76.94 0.0
20 00:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC060 15.5 9.9 19.7 14.6 70% 76.94 0.0
20 00:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC060 15.5 10.6 73% 76.94 0.0
20 00:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 15.4 11 75% 76.94 0.0
19 23:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 15.8 8.9 64% 76.91 0.0
19 23:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 14.8 11.2 79% 76.89 0.0
19 23:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 15.2 11.4 78% 76.94 0.0
19 22:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.6 10.8 73% 76.94 0.0
19 22:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.7 10.6 72% 76.94 0.0
19 22:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 16 10.4 70% 76.94 0.0
19 21:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.9 11.6 76% 76.91 0.0
19 21:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 15.8 11.1 74% 76.91 0.0
19 21:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 16.8 9.3 61% 76.91 0.0
19 20:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 16.3 10.6 69% 76.91 0.0
19 20:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 16.9 8.9 59% 76.91 0.0
19 20:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17.7 9.3 58% 76.86 0.0
19 19:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17.2 8.4 56% 76.84 0.0
19 19:35 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT080 18.5 6.5 46% 76.81 0.0
19 19:15 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN080 19.2 6.2 43% 76.84 0.0
19 18:55 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 19.7 5.4 20.9 18.3 39% 76.84 0.0
19 18:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 20.1 5.6 39% 76.84 0.0
19 18:15 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 20.6 5.4 37% 76.86 0.0
19 17:55 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 5.1 36% 76.86 0.0
19 17:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.1 5.1 38% 76.89 0.0
19 17:15 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 20.3 5.1 37% 76.89 0.0
19 16:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 20.1 4.9 37% 76.89 0.0
19 16:35 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 20 4.7 37% 76.94 0.0
19 16:15 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 20.1 5.2 38% 76.96 0.0
19 15:55 NE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 20 4.7 37% 76.96 0.0
19 15:35 E 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 20 5 38% 76.99 0.0
19 15:15 E 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN090 20 5 38% 76.99 0.0
19 14:55 E 19 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 20.4 5.2 37% 77.01 0.0
19 14:35 E 17 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 20.3 4.7 36% 77.01 0.0
19 14:15 E 20 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 20 5.2 38% 77.01 0.0
19 13:55 E 19 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 19.6 5.7 40% 77.04 0.0
19 13:35 E 20 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 18.8 4.6 39% 77.06 0.0
19 13:15 E 22 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 18.6 5.4 42% 77.06 0.0
19 12:55 NE 20 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 18.2 7 18.2 9.2 48% 77.09 0.0
19 12:35 E 17 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 17.9 7.2 50% 77.11 0.0
19 12:15 NE 19 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 17 7.6 54% 77.11 0.0
19 11:55 NE 22 G 28 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 17.1 7.9 55% 77.11 0.0
19 11:35 E 19 G 26 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 16.4 7.5 56% 77.14 0.0
19 11:15 E 20 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 15.7 7.8 60% 77.14 0.0
19 10:55 E 19 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 15.6 8.5 63% 77.17 0.0
19 10:35 E 19 16.09 Fair CLR 14.5 8.2 66% 77.11 0.0
19 10:15 E 22 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 14.1 8.6 70% 77.11 0.0
19 09:55 E 19 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 13.2 8.6 74% 77.09 0.0
19 09:35 E 19 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 12.6 9.1 79% 77.09 0.0
19 09:15 NE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 12.1 9.7 85% 77.11 0.0
19 08:55 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 11.6 9.6 88% 77.09 0.0
19 08:35 NE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 10.9 9.2 89% 77.09 0.0
19 08:15 NE 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN090 10.3 8.7 90% 77.06 0.0
19 07:55 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 10 8.4 90% 9 77.06 0.0
19 07:35 NE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 9.5 8 90% 8 77.04 0.0
19 07:15 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 9.2 7.7 90% 8 76.99 0.0
19 06:35 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 9.3 8 92% 8 76.99 0.0
19 06:15 N 11 16.09 Fair CLR 9.5 8.2 92% 8 76.99 0.0
19 05:55 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 9.5 8.4 93% 9 76.99 0.0
19 05:15 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 9.6 8.6 94% 9 76.99 0.0
19 04:55 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 9.6 8.7 94% 9 76.96 0.0
19 04:35 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR 9.7 8.7 94% 76.96 0.0
19 03:55 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 9.6 8.6 94% 76.99 0.0 0.03 1.02
19 03:35 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT080 SCT090 9.5 8.5 94% 9 76.96 0.0 0.03
19 03:15 NE 11 16.09 Light Rain SCT050 SCT075 BKN120 9.5 8.5 94% 8 76.96 0.0 0.03
19 02:55 NE 13 16.09 Rain SCT048 BKN095 OVC120 9.4 8.3 93% 8 77.01 0.0 0.56
19 02:35 NE 11 8.05 Heavy Rain SCT055 BKN070 OVC085 9.4 8.1 92% 8 76.99 0.0 0.46
19 02:15 N 11 6.44 Heavy Rain BKN055 OVC070 9.5 7.8 89% 8 77.04 0.0 0.23
19 01:55 N 17 G 31 8.05 Heavy Rain SCT048 BKN055 OVC075 9.4 7.9 90% 7 76.99 0.0 0.41
19 01:35 N 17 8.05 Heavy Rain SCT060 OVC075 9.7 7.9 89% 8 77.04 0.0 0.2
19 01:15 N 22 G 30 11.27 Heavy Rain SCT060 SCT075 OVC085 10 7.6 85% 7 77.01 0.0 0.05
19 00:55 N 15 G 35 16.09 Rain OVC085 10.5 7.4 13.6 10 81% 76.99 0.0 0.03 0.18
19 00:35 NE 19 16.09 Drizzle OVC085 10.6 8.1 85% 76.91 0.0
19 00:15 NE 17 G 28 16.09 Light Drizzle OVC085 10.6 8 84% 76.91 0.0
18 23:55 N 20 G 33 16.09 Light Rain OVC085 10.7 7.9 83% 76.94 0.0
18 23:35 N 19 G 30 16.09 Light Drizzle OVC085 10.8 7.6 81% 76.96 0.0
18 23:15 N 20 G 33 16.09 Overcast OVC085 11 7.3 78% 76.89 0.0
18 22:55 N 24 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC085 10.8 7.4 80% 76.86 0.0
18 22:35 N 19 G 31 16.09 Overcast OVC085 10.7 7.3 80% 76.86 0.0
18 22:15 NE 17 G 30 16.09 Light Rain OVC085 10.5 7.6 82% 76.86 0.0
18 21:55 N 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC095 10.1 7.3 83% 76.86 0.0 0.15
18 21:35 NE 20 G 33 16.09 Light Rain OVC085 10.2 6.9 80% 76.81 0.0
18 21:15 NE 20 G 31 16.09 Light Rain SCT047 OVC085 10.1 6.9 81% 76.81 0.0
18 20:55 N 9 8.05 Heavy Rain SCT042 SCT060 OVC075 10.3 6.7 79% 76.94 0.0 0.15
18 20:35 N 28 G 46 16.09 Rain BKN075 OVC095 11.5 6 69% 76.84 0.0
18 20:15 N 26 G 43 16.09 Light Drizzle OVC075 12.1 6.6 69% 76.66 0.0
18 19:55 N 28 G 41 16.09 Light Rain OVC075 12.7 6.4 66% 76.61 0.0
18 19:35 N 17 G 31 16.09 Overcast BKN060 OVC070 13 6.2 64% 76.66 0.0
18 19:15 N 20 G 46 16.09 Overcast SCT033 OVC060 13.2 6.5 64% 76.63 0.0
18 18:55 N 30 G 41 16.09 Overcast BKN033 OVC060 13.6 7.2 18.5 13.6 66% 76.63 0.0
18 18:35 N 28 G 43 16.09 Overcast OVC031 14.5 8 65% 76.61 0.0
18 18:15 N 24 G 37 16.09 Overcast BKN027 OVC060 14.9 8.6 66% 76.53 0.0
18 17:55 N 24 G 37 16.09 Overcast OVC027 15.3 9.2 67% 76.53 0.0
18 17:35 N 19 G 48 16.09 Overcast OVC027 15.3 9.5 69% 76.5 0.0
18 17:15 N 28 G 46 16.09 Overcast BKN027 OVC055 15.9 9.7 67% 76.45 0.0
18 16:55 N 30 G 56 16.09 Overcast SCT025 OVC055 16.1 9.7 66% 76.48 0.0
18 16:35 N 28 G 44 16.09 Overcast SCT024 OVC055 16 10 68% 76.45 0.0
18 16:15 N 30 G 43 16.09 Overcast SCT026 SCT032 OVC055 16.1 10.1 68% 76.48 0.0
18 15:55 N 26 G 43 16.09 Overcast BKN024 OVC030 16.1 10.4 69% 76.48 0.0
18 15:35 N 31 G 48 16.09 Overcast OVC022 16.5 10.6 68% 76.5 0.0
18 15:15 N 28 G 44 16.09 Overcast SCT022 OVC046 17.2 11.5 69% 76.48 0.0
18 14:55 N 22 G 43 16.09 Overcast SCT021 OVC044 17.6 12.1 70% 76.45 0.0
18 14:35 N 24 G 41 16.09 Overcast BKN019 OVC042 17.5 12.5 73% 76.48 0.0
18 14:15 N 19 G 39 16.09 Overcast BKN017 OVC065 17.5 12.8 74% 76.45 0.0
18 13:55 N 30 G 43 16.09 Overcast OVC017 17.7 13.2 75% 76.43 0.0
18 13:35 N 20 G 31 16.09 Overcast BKN015 OVC038 18.3 14.5 79% 76.43 0.0
18 13:15 N 22 G 39 16.09 Overcast BKN011 OVC033 17.7 14.7 83% 76.4 0.0
18 12:55 N 13 G 30 16.09 Overcast BKN011 BKN023 OVC043 17.6 15 24.1 17.6 85% 76.4 0.0 0.03
18 12:35 N 19 G 30 16.09 Overcast BKN009 BKN023 OVC033 18 15.6 86% 76.4 0.0
18 12:15 N 22 G 35 16.09 Light Rain OVC009 17.6 16.2 92% 76.38 0.0
18 11:55 N 11 G 30 16.09 Light Drizzle OVC007 17.8 16.5 92% 76.38 0.0 0.03
18 11:35 N 20 G 39 4.02 Rain BKN009 BKN025 OVC036 18.5 17 91% 76.35 0.0
18 11:15 N 7 11.27 Overcast BKN037 OVC048 23 20.4 85% 76.25 0.0
18 10:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast SCT014 BKN040 OVC046 22.9 20.4 86% 76.2 0.0
18 10:35 N 17 11.27 Overcast SCT016 BKN027 OVC048 23.5 20.1 81% 76.17 0.0
18 10:15 NW 6 11.27 Overcast SCT014 BKN032 OVC048 23.7 20.2 81% 76.15 0.0
18 09:55 NW 6 11.27 Overcast SCT012 BKN026 OVC046 23.5 20.5 83% 76.15 0.0
18 09:35 N 7 11.27 Overcast SCT014 BKN033 OVC042 23.2 20.6 85% 76.15 0.0
18 09:15 N 6 8.05 Fog/Mist BKN010 OVC015 22.6 20.5 88% 76.12 0.0
18 08:55 N 6 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC008 22.2 20.5 90% 76.1 0.0
18 08:35 N 11 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC006 22 20.5 91% 76.1 0.0
18 08:15 SW 7 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC006 21.6 20.5 94% 75.97 0.0
18 07:55 SW 7 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 21.3 20.3 94% 75.97 0.0
18 07:35 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 20.9 20 95% 75.92 0.0
18 07:15 S 13 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 20.8 20 95% 75.84 0.0
18 06:55 S 13 6.44 Fog/Mist BKN004 OVC008 20.7 19.9 22.5 20.7 95% 75.82 0.0
18 06:35 S 11 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 20.7 19.8 95% 75.84 0.0
18 06:15 S 9 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 20.8 19.8 94% 75.84 0.0
18 05:35 S 7 11.27 Overcast OVC006 21.2 20 93% 75.87 0.0
18 05:15 S 6 11.27 Overcast OVC008 21.3 20 92% 75.84 0.0
18 04:55 S 6 11.27 Overcast OVC008 21.5 20 91% 75.87 0.0
18 04:35 S 7 11.27 Overcast OVC008 21.6 20 91% 75.87 0.0
18 04:15 S 13 11.27 Overcast OVC010 21.8 20 90% 75.84 0.0
18 03:35 S 15 11.27 Overcast OVC012 22 19.8 87% 75.84 0.0
18 03:15 S 13 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC014 22.1 19.7 86% 75.87 0.0
18 02:55 S 11 16.09 Overcast OVC014 22.1 19.7 86% 75.9 0.0
18 02:35 S 17 16.09 Overcast OVC018 22 19.6 86% 75.9 0.0
18 02:15 S 15 16.09 Overcast OVC018 22 19.5 86% 75.92 0.0
18 01:55 S 15 16.09 Overcast BKN018 OVC022 22.1 19.5 85% 75.92 0.0
18 01:35 S 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.2 19.5 85% 75.95 0.0
18 01:15 S 15 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.3 19.6 85% 75.97 0.0
18 00:55 S 15 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.5 19.6 26.6 22.5 84% 76 0.0
18 00:35 S 11 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.5 19.7 84% 76 0.0
18 00:15 S 13 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.6 19.6 83% 76 0.0
17 23:55 S 13 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.6 19.5 83% 75.97 0.0
17 23:35 S 17 G 28 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.7 19.5 82% 75.97 0.0
17 23:15 S 17 G 30 16.09 Overcast OVC016 22.7 19.6 83% 75.95 0.0
17 22:55 S 17 G 26 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN018 23 19.6 81% 75.97 0.0
17 22:35 S 13 G 28 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 23.1 19.6 81% 75.97 0.0
17 22:15 S 15 G 28 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT019 23.3 19.5 79% 75.95 0.0
17 21:55 S 19 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 23.5 19.5 78% 75.92 0.0
17 21:35 S 19 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 23.7 19.5 77% 75.92 0.0
17 21:15 S 17 G 37 16.09 Fair CLR 24 19.5 76% 25 75.9 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)