Weather observations for the past three days for
Pampa, Perry Lefors Field Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
14 02:35 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 17.3 81% 76.61 0.0
14 02:15 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 21 17.4 80% 76.63 0.0
14 01:55 SE 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 21.9 17.3 75% 76.63 0.0
14 01:35 SE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT065 21.8 17.1 75% 76.61 0.0
14 01:15 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 21.5 17 76% 76.61 0.0
14 00:55 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 21.6 16.9 30.7 21.6 75% 76.63 0.0
14 00:35 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 16.9 72% 76.61 0.0
14 00:15 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 16.8 69% 76.61 0.0
13 23:55 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 17 68% 76.61 0.0
13 23:35 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 23.5 17.5 69% 76.61 0.0
13 23:15 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 23.6 17.9 70% 76.58 0.0
13 22:55 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 18.8 74% 76.56 0.0
13 22:35 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 24.3 19 72% 25 76.56 0.0
13 22:15 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 24.6 19.2 72% 25 76.53 0.0
13 21:55 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT050 SCT065 BKN080 25 19.2 70% 26 76.5 0.0
13 21:35 SE 11 16.09 Overcast BKN050 OVC065 25.6 19.3 68% 27 76.5 0.0
13 21:15 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN050 BKN085 26.1 19.2 66% 27 76.48 0.0
13 20:55 E 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT055 SCT075 26.5 19.2 64% 28 76.45 0.0
13 20:35 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT055 SCT075 26.8 19.7 65% 28 76.45 0.0
13 20:15 SE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT055 27.4 19.2 61% 29 76.43 0.0
13 19:55 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 27.7 19.2 60% 29 76.4 0.0
13 19:35 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 27.7 19.1 60% 29 76.4 0.0
13 19:15 SE 17 G 28 16.09 Fair CLR 30.7 19 50% 32 76.4 0.0
13 18:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 19 32.3 27.8 53% 31 76.4 0.0
13 18:35 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 29.2 19.4 56% 31 76.4 0.0
13 18:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT095 29.6 18.5 51% 31 76.4 0.0
13 17:55 S 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT070 SCT085 29.9 18.6 51% 31 76.4 0.0
13 17:35 S 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT070 SCT080 BKN085 29.7 18.8 52% 31 76.43 0.0
13 17:15 S 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN055 BKN075 BKN085 30.1 18.5 50% 31 76.43 0.0
13 16:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT055 BKN075 BKN090 30.3 18 48% 31 76.45 0.0
13 16:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 BKN075 BKN090 31 17.7 45% 32 76.45 0.0
13 16:15 S 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT065 BKN075 32.1 18.1 43% 33 76.45 0.0
13 15:55 S 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT055 SCT075 31.6 18.5 46% 33 76.48 0.0
13 15:35 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 31.8 18.6 45% 33 76.5 0.0
13 15:15 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 31 18.5 47% 32 76.5 0.0
13 14:55 SW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 30.5 18.6 49% 32 76.53 0.0
13 14:35 SW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 30.1 18.8 51% 31 76.56 0.0
13 14:15 SE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT045 29.8 18.6 51% 31 76.56 0.0
13 13:55 W 9 16.09 Fair CLR 29.6 19.1 53% 31 76.56 0.0
13 13:35 SE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT034 28.9 18.9 55% 30 76.56 0.0
13 13:15 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 28 18.9 58% 29 76.58 0.0
13 12:55 SW 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 28.7 19.3 28.7 16.9 57% 30 76.58 0.0
13 12:35 S 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 27.2 18.9 61% 28 76.58 0.0
13 12:15 S 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 26.9 19 62% 28 76.61 0.0
13 11:55 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 27.1 19.3 62% 28 76.61 0.0
13 11:35 S 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 SCT080 26.6 19 63% 28 76.61 0.0
13 11:15 S 19 G 26 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT022 BKN080 26.4 19.2 65% 28 76.61 0.0
13 10:55 S 17 G 26 16.09 Overcast SCT020 OVC080 25.6 19 67% 27 76.61 0.0
13 10:35 S 15 16.09 Overcast SCT018 OVC080 24.9 19.1 70% 26 76.61 0.0
13 10:15 S 15 16.09 Overcast BKN018 OVC080 24.6 18.6 69% 26 76.63 0.0
13 09:55 S 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT018 BKN080 22.9 18.3 75% 76.63 0.0
13 09:35 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 18.9 82% 76.63 0.0
13 09:15 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 21.5 18.9 85% 76.61 0.0
13 08:55 S 6 16.09 Fair CLR 20.6 18.9 90% 76.58 0.0
13 08:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19.8 18.9 95% 76.56 0.0
13 08:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19 18.7 98% 76.56 0.0
13 07:55 Calm 11.27 Partly Cloudy SCT075 18.3 18.2 99% 76.56 0.0
13 07:35 SW 7 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 17.5 17.3 99% 76.53 0.0
13 07:15 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist CLR 17 16.7 98% 76.53 0.0
13 06:55 SW 6 6.44 Fog/Mist SCT070 17 16.8 18 16.3 99% 76.5 0.0
13 06:35 SW 6 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 16.6 16.5 99% 76.5 0.0
13 06:15 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 16.7 16.3 98% 76.5 0.0
13 05:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 17 16.5 97% 76.48 0.0
13 05:35 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 17.5 17.1 98% 76.48 0.0
13 05:15 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT080 SCT090 17.5 17.1 98% 76.5 0.0
13 04:55 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT070 SCT080 17.6 17.1 97% 76.5 0.0
13 04:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC090 17.6 17.3 98% 76.5 0.0
13 04:15 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN080 17.2 17 99% 76.5 0.0
13 03:55 SE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 SCT090 17.3 17 98% 76.48 0.0
13 03:35 S 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 SCT090 17.1 16.7 98% 76.53 0.0
13 03:15 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 17.2 16.7 97% 76.53 0.0
13 02:55 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR 16.8 16.2 96% 76.53 0.0
13 02:35 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 17.1 16.5 96% 76.53 0.0
13 02:15 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 17.5 16.7 95% 76.56 0.0
13 01:55 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 17.5 16.8 96% 76.56 0.0
13 01:35 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 17.7 17 96% 76.56 0.0
13 01:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 17.7 16.7 94% 76.56 0.0
13 00:55 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18 16.9 27.4 18 93% 76.61 0.0
13 00:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18 16.8 93% 76.56 0.0
13 00:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18 16.6 92% 76.61 0.0
12 23:55 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.3 16.8 91% 76.58 0.0
12 23:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.3 17 92% 76.56 0.0
12 23:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.3 17 92% 76.56 0.0
12 22:55 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 18.5 17 91% 76.56 0.0
12 22:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 19 17.1 89% 76.56 0.0
12 22:15 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.2 17.3 89% 76.53 0.0
12 21:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.9 17.6 87% 76.5 0.0
12 21:35 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 20.3 17.8 86% 76.48 0.0
12 20:55 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 21.6 18 80% 76.48 0.0
12 20:35 E 22 16.09 Fair CLR 22.6 18.2 76% 76.48 0.0
12 20:15 E 22 16.09 Fair CLR 24 18.6 72% 25 76.48 0.0
12 19:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 26.3 16.3 54% 27 76.45 0.0
12 19:35 NE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 26.7 16.7 54% 27 76.43 0.0
12 19:15 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 26.5 17 56% 27 76.43 0.0
12 18:55 NE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 27.3 16.8 28.3 23 53% 28 76.43 0.0
12 18:35 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT041 26 16.7 57% 27 76.43 0.0
12 18:15 NE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT037 27.1 16.6 53% 28 76.43 0.0
12 17:55 NW 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN037 28 16.9 51% 29 76.43 0.0
12 17:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN035 27.9 17.2 52% 29 76.43 0.0
12 17:15 NW 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN033 27.3 17.4 55% 28 76.43 0.0
12 16:55 NW 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN033 27.1 17.3 55% 28 76.45 0.0
12 16:35 W 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN033 26.7 17.1 56% 27 76.45 0.0
12 16:15 NW 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 26.4 16.9 56% 27 76.48 0.0
12 15:55 NW 7 16.09 Overcast OVC031 26.5 17.3 57% 27 76.48 0.0
12 15:35 NW 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 26.2 18.1 61% 27 76.5 0.0
12 15:15 N 11 16.09 Overcast OVC031 26.2 17.9 60% 27 76.5 0.0
12 14:55 N 13 16.09 Overcast OVC032 26.1 17.6 60% 27 76.53 0.0
12 14:35 N 15 16.09 Overcast OVC030 25.9 17.5 60% 27 76.53 0.0
12 14:15 NW 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN028 25.8 17.1 59% 27 76.56 0.0
12 13:55 N 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT031 24.9 17.3 63% 26 76.56 0.0
12 13:35 NW 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN031 23.7 17.6 69% 76.61 0.0
12 13:15 N 11 16.09 Overcast SCT019 SCT025 OVC031 23.3 17.8 71% 76.63 0.0
12 12:55 N 11 16.09 Overcast BKN017 BKN023 OVC027 23 17.7 23.7 19.2 72% 76.66 0.0 0.03
12 12:35 NW 13 16.09 Overcast BKN019 BKN023 OVC027 22.5 17.7 74% 76.66 0.0
12 12:15 NW 17 16.09 Overcast BKN019 OVC027 22.4 18.1 77% 76.66 0.0
12 11:55 NW 6 16.09 Overcast OVC017 22.7 18.1 75% 76.66 0.0
12 11:35 N 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN015 23.3 18.2 73% 76.61 0.0
12 11:15 NE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN013 22.6 18 75% 76.61 0.0
12 10:55 N 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN013 21.6 18 80% 76.61 0.0
12 10:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT011 21.1 17.7 81% 76.56 0.0
12 10:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN011 BKN075 BKN085 21 18 83% 76.58 0.0
12 09:55 N 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT011 BKN016 BKN075 20.5 17.6 84% 76.63 0.0 0.03
12 09:35 NW 17 16.09 Overcast BKN013 OVC019 20 17.8 87% 76.66 0.0
12 09:15 NW 13 16.09 Overcast SCT009 BKN017 OVC075 20 17.9 88% 76.66 0.0
12 08:55 NW 7 16.09 Overcast SCT009 OVC015 19.6 18 91% 76.66 0.0 0.03
12 08:35 NW 9 16.09 Overcast BKN009 OVC015 19.4 18.5 95% 76.66 0.0 0.03
12 08:15 W 9 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT009 BKN015 OVC026 19.5 18.4 93% 76.63 0.0 0.03
12 07:55 NW 9 16.09 Rain SCT009 BKN015 OVC110 19.5 17.8 90% 76.61 0.0
12 07:35 NW 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 19.5 17.5 88% 76.5 0.0
12 07:15 N 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 19.7 17.5 87% 76.43 0.0
12 06:55 NE 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 19.7 17.2 21.8 18.3 86% 76.38 0.0 0.1
12 06:35 NE 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 19.7 17.2 86% 76.4 0.0
12 06:15 NE 19 16.09 Light Drizzle BKN120 19.5 17.4 88% 76.38 0.0
12 05:55 NE 31 G 41 16.09 Light Drizzle OVC110 19.5 17.2 87% 76.35 0.0
12 05:35 NE 31 G 39 16.09 Overcast OVC100 19.7 16.9 84% 76.38 0.0
12 05:15 NE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC110 20 16.6 81% 76.33 0.0
12 04:55 NW 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 19 17 88% 76.28 0.0
12 04:35 NW 11 16.09 Fair CLR 18.7 17.2 91% 76.33 0.0
12 04:15 W 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 18.6 17.3 92% 76.35 0.0
12 03:55 W 24 G 30 16.09 Light Drizzle SCT110 18.3 17.5 95% 76.4 0.0 0.03 0.1
12 03:35 W 22 16.09 Light Rain SCT110 18.5 17.7 95% 76.48 0.0
12 03:15 W 24 16.09 Light Drizzle BKN110 18.6 17.8 95% 76.5 0.0
12 02:55 W 30 G 39 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT065 SCT075 OVC110 18.7 17.8 95% 76.5 0.0 0.05
12 02:35 W 28 G 37 16.09 Thunderstorm Rain in Vicinity SCT065 BKN110 18.9 17.7 93% 76.53 0.0
12 02:15 W 26 16.09 Thunderstorm Drizzle in Vicinity BKN120 18.6 17.7 95% 76.53 0.0
12 01:55 W 17 16.09 Rain SCT042 SCT055 OVC120 18.8 17.5 92% 76.53 0.0 0.03
12 01:35 W 28 G 41 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity BKN042 BKN047 OVC055 19 17.1 89% 76.56 0.0
12 01:15 NW 24 G 39 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity BKN040 BKN048 BKN120 20.4 16.6 79% 76.5 0.0
12 00:55 W 24 G 39 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT028 SCT040 BKN120 22 16.7 32.7 22 72% 76.48 0.0
12 00:35 W 39 G 52 16.09 Thunderstorm and Breezy BKN110 25.4 18.9 67% 26 76.43 0.0
12 00:15 S 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 25.5 19 67% 27 76.33 0.0
11 23:55 SE 20 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 26 18.6 64% 27 76.25 0.0
11 23:35 SE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 26.2 18.3 62% 27 76.25 0.0
11 23:15 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 26.4 18 60% 27 76.25 0.0
11 22:55 S 19 16.09 Fair CLR 26.8 17.6 57% 28 76.23 0.0
11 22:35 S 20 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity CLR 27 17.2 55% 28 76.23 0.0
11 22:15 SE 20 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 27.1 17.3 55% 28 76.23 0.0
11 21:55 SE 20 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 27.5 17.5 54% 28 76.23 0.0
11 21:35 SE 19 G 26 16.09 Overcast OVC100 27.7 17.5 54% 28 76.2 0.0
11 21:15 SE 17 16.09 Overcast OVC110 28.1 17.4 52% 29 76.2 0.0
11 20:55 SE 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN120 28.2 17.2 51% 29 76.2 0.0
11 20:35 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 29 17 48% 29 76.17 0.0
11 20:15 SE 20 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 17 47% 30 76.17 0.0
11 19:55 SE 22 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 30 17.6 47% 31 76.15 0.0
11 19:35 S 20 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 31.2 17.8 45% 32 76.15 0.0
11 19:15 S 24 16.09 Fair CLR 32 17.6 42% 33 76.15 0.0
11 18:55 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 32.7 16.5 35 32 38% 33 76.12 0.0
11 18:35 S 17 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 33.2 16.4 36% 33 76.12 0.0
11 18:15 S 17 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 33.4 16.9 37% 34 76.12 0.0
11 17:55 S 22 16.09 Fair CLR 33.8 17.5 38% 35 76.15 0.0
11 17:35 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 33.1 17.4 39% 34 76.15 0.0
11 17:15 S 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT065 34.4 17.5 37% 35 76.15 0.0
11 16:55 S 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT065 34.7 17.2 35% 35 76.17 0.0
11 16:35 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 34.2 17 36% 35 76.17 0.0
11 16:15 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 34 14.8 31% 34 76.17 0.0
11 15:55 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 34.3 13.9 29% 34 76.2 0.0
11 15:35 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 34.6 14 29% 34 76.2 0.0
11 15:15 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 34.2 14.5 30% 34 76.23 0.0
11 14:55 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 33.6 13.4 29% 33 76.23 0.0
11 14:35 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 34.1 14 30% 33 76.23 0.0
11 14:15 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 34 13.6 29% 33 76.23 0.0
11 13:55 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 33.5 14.2 31% 33 76.25 0.0
11 13:35 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 32.8 15.4 35% 33 76.25 0.0
11 13:15 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 33 14.8 33% 33 76.25 0.0
11 12:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 32.1 13.5 33 21.5 32% 31 76.28 0.0
11 12:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 31.7 15 36% 31 76.28 0.0
11 12:15 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 30.5 15.9 41% 30 76.28 0.0
11 11:55 SW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 30.6 16.7 43% 31 76.3 0.0
11 11:35 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 29.7 15.3 42% 30 76.3 0.0
11 11:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 15.5 43% 29 76.3 0.0
11 10:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 29.1 14.6 41% 29 76.3 0.0
11 10:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 29 15.5 44% 29 76.3 0.0
11 10:15 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 27.3 16.7 52% 28 76.33 0.0
11 09:55 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 25.7 17.4 60% 27 76.33 0.0
11 09:35 N 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.9 17.5 64% 26 76.33 0.0
11 09:15 N 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.7 18 66% 26 76.3 0.0
11 08:55 NE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 17.1 66% 76.28 0.0
11 08:35 NE 17 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 23.7 17 66% 76.23 0.0
11 08:15 N 9 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 23.6 16.9 66% 76.2 0.0
11 07:55 SW 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.9 16.7 68% 76.1 0.0
11 07:35 SW 11 16.09 Fair CLR 22 17.1 74% 76.1 0.0
11 07:15 SW 15 16.09 Fair CLR 21.9 17.1 74% 76.1 0.0
11 06:55 W 17 16.09 Fair CLR 21.6 17.4 25.5 21.5 77% 76.15 0.0
11 06:35 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 21.7 17.3 76% 76.02 0.0
11 06:15 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 21.5 17.3 77% 76.02 0.0
11 05:55 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 22 17 73% 76.1 0.0
11 05:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 16.4 66% 76.12 0.0
11 05:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 16.6 69% 76.15 0.0
11 04:55 W 9 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 16.4 66% 76.17 0.0
11 04:35 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR 23.1 16.4 66% 76.2 0.0
11 04:15 N 9 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 16.5 66% 76.2 0.0
11 03:55 NW 20 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 16.1 61% 25 76.2 0.0
11 03:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 25.1 16.2 58% 26 76.17 0.0
11 03:15 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 24 15.8 60% 25 76.1 0.0
11 02:55 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 24 15.5 59% 25 76.07 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)