Weather observations for the past three days for
Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs Municipal Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
26 19:15 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN045 25.7 21.9 80% 27 76.15 0.0
26 18:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT043 25.5 22 27.8 25 81% 27 76.15 0.0
26 18:35 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT044 25.7 21.9 80% 27 76.15 0.0
26 18:15 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT043 26.2 21.8 77% 28 76.17 0.0
26 17:55 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT043 26.5 22 76% 28 76.17 0.0
26 17:35 E 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT017 BKN041 26.5 22.2 77% 28 76.2 0.0
26 17:15 E 9 16.09 Overcast OVC039 26 22 79% 28 76.23 0.0
26 16:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast OVC039 25.7 21.6 78% 27 76.23 0.0
26 16:35 E 9 16.09 Overcast SCT014 OVC042 25.9 21.8 78% 27 76.25 0.0
26 16:15 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT016 BKN035 OVC042 25.1 22 83% 26 76.28 0.0
26 15:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT024 OVC034 25 22 83% 26 76.3 0.0
26 15:35 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT024 OVC033 25.4 22.1 82% 27 76.3 0.0
26 15:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT020 BKN032 OVC039 26 22.2 80% 28 76.33 0.0
26 14:55 NE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT018 BKN032 OVC039 26.2 22 78% 28 76.33 0.0
26 14:35 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT020 BKN026 OVC039 27 21.8 73% 29 76.33 0.0
26 14:15 SE 13 16.09 Overcast SCT020 SCT026 OVC041 26.8 22 75% 29 76.33 0.0
26 13:55 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT023 SCT030 OVC041 27.1 21.9 73% 29 76.35 0.0
26 13:35 E 15 16.09 Overcast SCT023 BKN030 OVC039 26.9 21.7 73% 29 76.35 0.0
26 13:15 NE 6 16.09 Overcast SCT019 SCT026 OVC037 27.2 21.5 71% 29 76.38 0.0
26 12:55 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT019 SCT028 OVC035 26.6 21.7 27.2 22.5 75% 28 76.4 0.0
26 12:35 E 7 16.09 Overcast SCT019 SCT027 OVC035 26.7 21.9 75% 29 76.43 0.0
26 12:15 E 11 16.09 Overcast SCT019 SCT025 OVC033 26 22.1 79% 28 76.43 0.0
26 11:55 E 9 16.09 Overcast SCT019 BKN025 OVC031 25.9 21.9 79% 27 76.43 0.0
26 11:35 SE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC023 25.5 22 81% 27 76.45 0.0
26 11:15 E 9 16.09 Overcast OVC025 25 22 83% 26 76.45 0.0
26 10:55 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT012 OVC027 25.5 22.2 82% 27 76.45 0.0
26 10:35 SE 11 16.09 Overcast SCT009 BKN012 OVC022 24.7 22.2 86% 25 76.48 0.0
26 10:15 E 9 16.09 Overcast BKN010 BKN013 OVC020 23.5 22.3 93% 76.48 0.0
26 09:55 E 11 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT006 SCT011 OVC020 22.8 22.3 97% 76.5 0.0
26 09:35 E 11 4.02 Fog/Mist SCT008 BKN020 OVC032 22.8 22.5 98% 76.5 0.0
26 09:15 SE 11 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT008 OVC016 23.1 22.4 96% 76.48 0.0
26 08:55 SE 13 16.09 Overcast BKN008 BKN016 OVC031 23.3 22.4 95% 76.48 0.0
26 08:35 E 9 11.27 Overcast OVC006 23.2 22.7 97% 76.48 0.0
26 08:15 SE 9 11.27 Overcast OVC006 23 22.6 98% 76.48 0.0
26 07:55 SE 7 8.05 Fog/Mist BKN006 OVC010 22.8 22.6 99% 76.45 0.0
26 07:35 E 6 11.27 Overcast OVC006 22.5 22.5 100% 76.45 0.0
26 07:15 E 6 11.27 Overcast OVC006 22.5 22.4 99% 76.45 0.0
26 06:55 SE 6 11.27 Overcast BKN006 BKN011 OVC032 22.5 22.3 22.6 21.9 99% 76.45 0.0
26 06:35 Calm 11.27 Overcast SCT008 SCT011 OVC034 22.5 22.3 99% 76.43 0.0
26 06:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT006 SCT011 OVC036 22.5 22.5 100% 76.43 0.0
26 05:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT006 BKN030 OVC036 22.5 22.5 100% 76.43 0.0
26 05:35 E 6 11.27 Overcast SCT006 OVC030 22.5 22.5 100% 76.43 0.0
26 05:15 Calm 11.27 Overcast SCT006 OVC030 22.5 22.5 100% 76.4 0.0
26 04:55 E 6 11.27 Overcast BKN006 BKN022 OVC030 22.6 22.6 100% 76.4 0.0
26 04:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT005 SCT013 OVC028 22.5 22.5 100% 76.4 0.0
26 03:55 SE 7 11.27 Overcast OVC003 22.5 22.5 100% 76.4 0.0
26 03:35 E 6 11.27 Overcast OVC003 22.5 22.5 100% 76.4 0.0
26 03:15 E 6 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC005 22.4 22.4 100% 76.43 0.0
26 02:55 SE 6 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT005 BKN029 22 22 100% 76.43 0.0
26 02:35 E 6 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 22 22 100% 76.43 0.0
26 02:15 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 22.2 22.2 100% 76.43 0.0
26 01:55 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 22.1 22.1 100% 76.43 0.0
26 01:35 E 6 11.27 Fair CLR 22.4 22.4 100% 76.45 0.0
26 01:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 22.5 100% 76.45 0.0
26 00:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 22.5 26.3 22.5 100% 76.48 0.0
26 00:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 22.8 22.7 99% 76.48 0.0
26 00:15 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22.7 98% 76.48 0.0
25 23:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22.8 99% 76.48 0.0
25 23:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22.8 99% 76.48 0.0
25 23:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23.1 23 99% 76.48 0.0
25 22:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 22.8 97% 76.48 0.0
25 22:35 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT016 23.6 23 96% 76.48 0.0
25 22:15 SE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN016 23.8 23.1 96% 76.45 0.0
25 21:55 SE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT016 23.9 23 95% 23 76.45 0.0
25 21:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24.1 23 94% 23 76.43 0.0
25 21:15 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 22.9 92% 24 76.43 0.0
25 20:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24.6 23.2 92% 25 76.43 0.0
25 20:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24.9 23 89% 25 76.43 0.0
25 20:15 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 25.2 23 88% 26 76.45 0.0
25 19:55 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 25.5 22.5 84% 27 76.43 0.0
25 19:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 25.9 22.4 81% 28 76.45 0.0
25 19:15 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 26.3 22.7 81% 28 76.43 0.0
25 18:55 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 26 22.9 29.6 25.7 83% 28 76.43 0.0
25 18:35 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 26.1 22.7 82% 28 76.45 0.0
25 18:15 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 26.5 22.8 80% 29 76.45 0.0
25 17:55 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 26.2 23.1 83% 28 76.48 0.0
25 17:35 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT038 SCT095 25.9 22.8 83% 28 76.48 0.0
25 17:15 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT035 SCT042 SCT050 25.7 23.1 86% 27 76.5 0.0
25 16:55 SE 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT029 SCT042 BKN050 25.9 22.9 84% 28 76.5 0.0
25 16:35 SE 20 G 30 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT028 SCT033 BKN047 25.9 23.4 86% 28 76.53 0.0
25 16:15 E 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT027 SCT033 BKN060 29 22.2 67% 32 76.5 0.0
25 15:55 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT025 BKN033 BKN041 29.1 22.4 67% 32 76.5 0.0
25 15:35 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 29.6 22.6 66% 33 76.53 0.0
25 15:15 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 29.5 22.9 68% 33 76.53 0.0
25 14:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 29.1 22.5 68% 32 76.56 0.0
25 14:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 29 22.4 68% 32 76.56 0.0
25 14:15 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 29 22.4 68% 32 76.58 0.0
25 13:55 SE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 29.2 22.2 66% 32 76.58 0.0
25 13:35 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 29 21.7 65% 32 76.61 0.0
25 13:15 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT026 SCT033 28.7 22.4 69% 32 76.61 0.0
25 12:55 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 SCT031 28.6 22.4 28.6 22 69% 32 76.63 0.0
25 12:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT022 SCT029 28.5 22.7 71% 32 76.63 0.0
25 12:15 NE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT020 28.4 22.9 72% 32 76.63 0.0
25 11:55 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN018 27.8 22.7 74% 31 76.66 0.0
25 11:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN018 28 23.5 77% 32 76.66 0.0
25 11:15 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT012 SCT018 27.4 23.2 78% 30 76.68 0.0
25 10:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT010 26.7 23.7 84% 29 76.68 0.0
25 10:35 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN008 25.7 23.8 89% 27 76.68 0.0
25 10:15 NE 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN006 25.8 23.9 89% 28 76.68 0.0
25 09:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC006 25 24.4 96% 25 76.66 0.0
25 09:35 NE 6 11.27 Overcast OVC002 23.9 23.9 100% 22 76.66 0.0
25 09:15 NE 6 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC002 23.6 23.6 100% 76.66 0.0
25 08:55 Calm 2.82 Fog/Mist OVC002 23.5 23.5 100% 76.66 0.0
25 08:35 E 6 0.40 Fog OVC002 23.1 23.1 100% 76.63 0.0
25 08:15 Calm 0.40 Fog OVC002 22.9 22.9 100% 76.63 0.0
25 07:55 E 6 0.40 Fog OVC002 22.8 22.8 100% 76.61 0.0
25 07:35 Calm 0.40 Fog OVC002 22.5 22.5 100% 76.58 0.0
25 07:15 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT002 22.1 22.1 100% 76.58 0.0
25 06:35 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 22.1 22.1 100% 76.56 0.0
25 06:15 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 22.1 22.1 100% 76.56 0.0
25 05:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 22.5 100% 76.53 0.0
25 05:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 22.5 100% 76.53 0.0
25 05:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 22.5 100% 76.53 0.0
25 04:55 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 22.5 22.5 100% 76.53 0.0
25 04:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 22.7 100% 76.56 0.0
25 04:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 22.9 22.9 100% 76.56 0.0
25 03:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 23 23 100% 76.56 0.0
25 03:35 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 23 23 100% 76.56 0.0
25 03:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 23.2 100% 76.56 0.0
25 02:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 23.2 99% 76.53 0.0
25 02:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.5 23.2 98% 76.53 0.0
25 02:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.5 23.5 100% 76.56 0.0
25 01:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.4 23.3 99% 76.56 0.0
25 01:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23.7 23.6 99% 76.56 0.0
25 01:15 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 23.6 99% 76.56 0.0
25 00:55 NE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.9 23.5 30.1 23.9 98% 23 76.56 0.0
25 00:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24.1 23.6 97% 23 76.56 0.0
25 00:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24.5 23.7 95% 24 76.56 0.0
24 23:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24.8 23.8 94% 25 76.56 0.0
24 23:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24.6 23.9 96% 24 76.53 0.0
24 23:15 E 6 11.27 Fair CLR 24.6 24 96% 24 76.53 0.0
24 22:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24.9 23.8 94% 25 76.56 0.0
24 22:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 25.2 24 93% 26 76.53 0.0
24 22:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 25.2 23.8 92% 26 76.53 0.0
24 21:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 25.5 23.7 90% 27 76.53 0.0
24 21:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 26 23.2 85% 28 76.5 0.0
24 21:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 26.5 22.9 81% 29 76.5 0.0
24 20:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 27.1 22.6 76% 30 76.5 0.0
24 20:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 27.5 22.3 73% 30 76.48 0.0
24 20:15 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 28.1 22 70% 31 76.48 0.0
24 19:55 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 28.5 21.5 66% 31 76.48 0.0
24 19:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 29.1 21.6 64% 32 76.45 0.0
24 19:15 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 29.6 21.9 63% 33 76.45 0.0
24 18:55 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 30.1 22.2 31.8 28.3 63% 34 76.43 0.0
24 18:35 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT047 30.2 22.3 63% 34 76.45 0.0
24 18:15 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT035 SCT047 BKN090 29.2 22 65% 32 76.45 0.0
24 17:55 E 7 16.09 Overcast BKN035 BKN045 OVC080 29.7 22.1 64% 33 76.45 0.0
24 17:35 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT045 SCT055 SCT065 31.2 21.5 56% 34 76.45 0.0
24 17:15 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT065 30.9 20.8 55% 33 76.45 0.0
24 16:55 NE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 31.8 21.4 54% 35 76.45 0.0
24 16:35 NE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT038 31.5 21.3 55% 35 76.45 0.0
24 16:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT038 31.2 21.5 56% 34 76.48 0.0
24 15:55 N 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT038 SCT065 30.7 21.4 58% 34 76.48 0.0
24 15:35 NE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT065 SCT080 30.8 21.5 58% 34 76.48 0.0
24 15:15 N 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT035 30.2 20.9 58% 33 76.5 0.0
24 14:55 N 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT035 SCT047 SCT070 30.3 22.4 63% 34 76.5 0.0
24 14:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT032 SCT044 SCT060 29.8 21.7 62% 33 76.53 0.0
24 14:15 N 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT032 SCT046 BKN070 30 21.6 61% 33 76.56 0.0
24 13:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT030 SCT042 BKN065 29.5 21.8 63% 33 76.56 0.0
24 13:35 NE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT028 SCT042 BKN055 29.7 22 63% 33 76.56 0.0
24 13:15 NE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT028 SCT038 BKN055 29 22.2 67% 32 76.58 0.0
24 12:55 NE 7 16.09 Overcast SCT026 BKN037 OVC055 28.4 21.6 28.5 22.5 67% 31 76.61 0.0
24 12:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT026 BKN055 28.1 22 70% 31 76.61 0.0
24 12:15 NE 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT021 BKN055 27.8 22.3 72% 31 76.61 0.0
24 11:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast BKN019 OVC055 27.9 22.4 72% 31 76.63 0.0
24 11:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT019 BKN026 OVC055 27.2 22.7 76% 30 76.63 0.0
24 11:15 N 7 0.00 NULL NULL 26.7 23.4 82% 29 76.63 0.0
24 10:55 N 9 16.09 Overcast SCT010 SCT024 OVC050 26.1 23.3 85% 28 76.63 0.0
24 10:35 N 9 16.09 Overcast SCT008 SCT024 OVC050 25.6 23.8 90% 27 76.63 0.0
24 10:15 N 6 16.09 Overcast SCT008 BKN026 OVC050 25.2 23.5 90% 26 76.63 0.0
24 09:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast BKN008 BKN025 OVC044 25 23.7 93% 26 76.63 0.0
24 09:35 Calm 11.27 Overcast BKN006 BKN027 OVC042 24.4 23.7 96% 24 76.63 0.0
24 09:15 E 6 11.27 Overcast OVC006 24.1 23.8 98% 23 76.63 0.0
24 08:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast BKN006 OVC010 23.9 23.8 99% 22 76.63 0.0
24 08:35 E 6 11.27 Overcast SCT004 BKN008 OVC037 23.5 23.5 100% 76.63 0.0
24 08:15 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC035 23.1 23.1 100% 76.61 0.0
24 07:55 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT002 OVC033 23 23 100% 76.58 0.0
24 07:35 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC033 23 23 100% 76.58 0.0
24 07:15 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC033 22.6 22.6 100% 76.56 0.0
24 06:55 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC033 22.5 22.5 22.5 21.6 100% 76.56 0.0
24 06:35 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC033 22.5 22.5 100% 76.56 0.0
24 06:15 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC033 22.1 22.1 100% 76.53 0.0
24 05:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC033 22.3 22.3 100% 76.53 0.0
24 05:35 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC029 22.1 22.1 100% 76.53 0.0
24 05:15 Calm 11.27 Mostly Cloudy SCT021 BKN029 22.1 22.1 100% 76.53 0.0
24 04:55 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT021 SCT029 21.6 21.6 100% 76.53 0.0
24 04:35 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT029 22 22 100% 76.53 0.0
24 04:15 Calm 11.27 Mostly Cloudy BKN029 22 22 100% 76.53 0.0
24 03:55 E 6 11.27 Mostly Cloudy BKN029 22 22 100% 76.53 0.0
24 03:35 Calm 11.27 Partly Cloudy SCT031 22 22 100% 76.53 0.0
24 03:15 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 21.8 21.8 100% 76.53 0.0
24 02:55 E 6 11.27 Fair CLR 21.9 21.9 100% 76.53 0.0
24 02:35 E 6 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 21.7 21.7 100% 76.5 0.0
24 02:15 E 6 8.05 Fog/Mist CLR 21.8 21.8 100% 76.5 0.0
24 01:55 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 22 22 100% 76.5 0.0
24 01:35 E 6 11.27 Fair CLR 22.1 22.1 100% 76.5 0.0
24 01:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.2 22.2 100% 76.5 0.0
24 00:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 22.3 27.2 22.2 100% 76.5 0.0
24 00:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.2 22.2 100% 76.53 0.0
24 00:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.4 22.3 99% 76.53 0.0
23 23:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 22.5 99% 76.5 0.0
23 23:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 22.3 98% 76.5 0.0
23 23:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23.3 22.3 94% 76.5 0.0
23 22:55 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 23.5 22.5 94% 76.45 0.0
23 22:35 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 23.5 22.3 93% 76.45 0.0
23 22:15 S 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23.8 22.4 92% 76.43 0.0
23 21:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 22.3 90% 24 76.43 0.0
23 21:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24.2 22.3 89% 24 76.4 0.0
23 21:15 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 24.5 22.5 89% 25 76.38 0.0
23 20:55 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 25 22.2 85% 26 76.38 0.0
23 20:35 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 25.5 22.2 82% 27 76.38 0.0
23 20:15 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 26 22.2 80% 28 76.35 0.0
23 19:55 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 26.5 21.5 74% 28 76.35 0.0
23 19:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 27 21.5 72% 29 76.35 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)