National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service United States Department of Commerce
Weather observations for the past three days for
Woodward, West Woodward Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
27 08:10 SE 24 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 21.8 18.1 80% 75.92 0.0
27 07:50 SE 24 G 30 16.09 Fair CLR 21 17.6 81% 75.9 0.0
27 07:30 SE 22 G 33 16.09 Fair CLR 20.5 17.5 83% 75.92 0.0
27 07:10 SE 26 G 31 16.09 Fair CLR 20.2 17.4 84% 75.92 0.0
27 06:50 SE 24 16.09 Fair CLR 20.1 17.3 23.1 19.5 84% 75.95 0.0 0.2
27 06:30 SE 28 16.09 Fair CLR 20.1 17.5 85% 75.95 0.0
27 06:10 SE 22 G 35 16.09 Fair CLR 20 17.6 86% 75.97 0.0
27 05:50 SE 20 16.09 Fair CLR 20.3 18.1 87% 76 0.0
27 05:30 E 20 16.09 Fair CLR 20.5 18.2 87% 76 0.0
27 05:10 E 20 16.09 Fair CLR 20.6 18.6 88% 76 0.0
27 04:50 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 18.7 88% 75.97 0.0
27 04:30 E 19 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 18.6 88% 75.92 0.0
27 04:10 E 20 16.09 Fair CLR 20.8 18.7 88% 75.95 0.0
27 03:50 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 21 19 88% 75.97 0.0 0.2
27 03:30 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 20 18 88% 76.02 0.0
27 03:10 NE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 19.9 17.8 88% 76.05 0.0
27 02:50 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT100 19.6 17.6 88% 76.1 0.0 0.03
27 02:30 NW 13 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT055 SCT065 OVC110 20 17.9 88% 76 0.0 0.03
27 02:10 NE 9 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT060 BKN085 OVC110 20 17.7 87% 75.95 0.0
27 01:50 NE 6 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT032 BKN065 OVC110 19.5 17.3 87% 76.02 0.0 0.18
27 01:30 NW 31 G 39 11.27 Thunderstorm Heavy Rain in Vicinity BKN007 BKN028 OVC050 20.5 17 80% 76.15 0.0 0.08
27 01:10 E 19 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN007 23.1 20.7 86% 76 0.0
27 00:50 E 20 G 30 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT009 23.3 20.5 27.6 23.3 84% 75.95 0.0
27 00:30 E 22 G 30 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT009 23.6 20.8 84% 75.95 0.0
27 00:10 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 24.1 20.8 82% 24 75.97 0.0
26 23:50 E 20 16.09 Fair CLR 24.3 20.7 80% 25 75.97 0.0
26 23:30 E 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT055 24.2 20.6 80% 25 75.95 0.0
26 23:10 E 17 16.09 Overcast OVC055 24.5 21 81% 25 75.95 0.0
26 22:50 E 17 16.09 Overcast OVC055 24.5 21.1 81% 25 75.95 0.0
26 22:30 E 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN065 24.6 21.1 81% 25 75.97 0.0
26 22:10 E 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT049 SCT065 24.4 21 81% 25 75.95 0.0
26 21:50 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 24.5 20.6 79% 25 75.95 0.0
26 21:30 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 24.5 20.1 77% 25 75.92 0.0
26 21:10 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 24.5 19.7 75% 25 75.9 0.0
26 20:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 24.9 19.6 72% 26 75.9 0.0
26 20:30 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 25.2 19.8 72% 26 75.9 0.0
26 20:10 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 26.4 20.1 68% 28 75.9 0.0
26 19:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 27.5 22.2 73% 30 75.9 0.0
26 19:30 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 27.5 21.3 69% 30 75.87 0.0
26 19:10 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 27.1 21 69% 29 75.84 0.0
26 18:50 E 11 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity CLR 26.7 20.5 32.3 23.2 69% 28 75.87 0.0 1.57
26 18:30 E 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT065 SCT090 26.2 20.1 69% 28 75.9 0.0
26 18:10 E 19 G 33 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT016 SCT027 OVC070 24.4 19.8 76% 25 75.92 0.0
26 17:50 SE 41 G 52 2.01 Thunderstorm Heavy Rain and Breezy SCT021 BKN030 OVC040 23.9 18.6 72% 25 76.02 0.0 1.19
26 17:30 Calm 4.83 Thunderstorm Rain SCT031 BKN042 OVC100 26.7 22.1 76% 29 75.97 0.0 0.41
26 17:10 SE 17 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT048 SCT050 BKN075 30.2 20.4 56% 32 75.97 0.0
26 16:50 E 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT048 BKN070 31.6 20.1 50% 34 75.97 0.0
26 16:30 E 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT043 BKN050 BKN055 32.1 19.6 48% 34 76 0.0
26 16:10 E 9 G 28 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT042 SCT055 31.7 19.7 49% 34 76.02 0.0
26 15:50 E 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT042 SCT070 SCT085 31.7 19.9 50% 34 76.02 0.0
26 15:30 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT070 31.4 19.5 49% 33 76.02 0.0
26 15:10 NE 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT037 SCT045 BKN055 30.4 19.4 52% 32 76.05 0.0
26 14:50 E 13 16.09 Overcast SCT037 BKN050 OVC065 30.1 19.5 53% 32 76.05 0.0
26 14:30 E 17 16.09 Overcast SCT038 BKN044 OVC050 30.1 19.7 54% 32 76.07 0.0
26 14:10 SE 11 16.09 Overcast BKN038 BKN044 OVC050 30.1 19.6 53% 32 76.07 0.0
26 13:50 E 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN038 30 19.8 54% 32 76.07 0.0
26 13:30 E 19 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN034 29.5 19.8 56% 31 76.05 0.0
26 13:10 E 19 G 28 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT028 29.5 20 57% 31 76.05 0.0
26 12:50 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 SCT028 28.7 20.1 28.7 20.5 60% 30 76.07 0.0 0.05
26 12:30 E 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 28 20 62% 30 76.1 0.0
26 12:10 E 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 SCT028 27.5 20 64% 29 76.1 0.0
26 11:50 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN021 BKN028 26.6 19.8 66% 28 76.12 0.0
26 11:30 NE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 26.3 19.8 68% 28 76.15 0.0
26 11:10 NE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 25.8 19.7 69% 27 76.12 0.0
26 10:50 NE 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN017 BKN023 25 19.5 72% 26 76.15 0.0
26 10:30 NE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN013 BKN018 24.8 19.7 73% 26 76.15 0.0
26 10:10 NE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT009 BKN013 23.8 19.7 78% 76.15 0.0
26 09:30 NW 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT012 24.1 19.8 77% 25 76.17 0.0 0.03
26 09:10 NW 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT005 23 20.1 84% 76.2 0.0 0.03
26 08:50 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 20.4 89% 76.17 0.0
26 08:30 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT100 SCT120 21.1 19.5 91% 76.12 0.0
26 08:10 SE 6 11.27 Light Rain SCT050 BKN100 OVC120 21.1 19.5 91% 76.1 0.0
26 07:50 SE 6 11.27 Rain SCT003 SCT035 BKN050 21 19.3 90% 76.1 0.0 0.03
26 07:30 Calm 11.27 Light Rain SCT003 SCT043 BKN050 20.6 19 91% 76.12 0.0 0.03
26 07:10 NW 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT003 SCT050 BKN120 20.6 19 91% 76.12 0.0
26 06:50 SE 7 8.05 Fog/Mist SCT120 20.5 19 23.6 19.2 91% 76.07 0.0
26 06:30 S 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.3 18.7 91% 76.02 0.0
26 06:10 S 9 16.09 Fair CLR 20 18.5 91% 76 0.0
26 05:50 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19.5 17.9 91% 76 0.0
26 05:30 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 19.4 17.6 89% 76 0.0
26 05:10 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 20 18.2 89% 76.05 0.0
26 04:50 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 20 18 88% 76.05 0.0
26 04:30 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR 20.1 18 88% 76.05 0.0
26 04:10 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.2 17.8 86% 76.05 0.0
26 03:50 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 17.8 84% 76.05 0.0
26 03:30 N 6 16.09 Fair CLR 20.7 18.1 85% 76.05 0.0
26 03:10 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT020 21.5 18.2 82% 76.05 0.0
26 02:50 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT020 21.6 19 85% 76.05 0.0
26 02:30 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 19.4 85% 76.02 0.0
26 02:10 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT024 SCT031 22.7 19.5 82% 76.02 0.0
26 01:50 NW 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT016 BKN025 BKN029 23.1 19.5 80% 76.05 0.0
26 01:10 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC013 23.6 19.6 78% 76 0.0
26 00:50 S 6 16.09 Overcast OVC013 23.1 19.9 23.3 21 82% 75.92 0.0
26 00:30 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC013 22.6 19.5 83% 75.95 0.0
26 00:10 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC013 22.6 19.3 82% 75.9 0.0
25 23:50 SW 11 16.09 Light Drizzle BKN015 22.6 18.5 78% 75.9 0.0
25 23:30 W 17 16.09 Fair CLR 22.7 18.1 75% 75.9 0.0
25 23:10 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 17.5 74% 75.84 0.0
25 22:50 N 7 16.09 Fair CLR 22.5 17.3 73% 75.9 0.0
25 22:30 S 22 G 44 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT070 SCT080 23 17.1 70% 75.82 0.0
25 22:10 S 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT060 SCT080 BKN110 22.7 17.5 73% 75.84 0.0
25 21:50 S 20 G 39 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 17.3 73% 75.79 0.0
25 21:30 S 31 G 41 16.09 Fair CLR 21.3 16.7 75% 75.77 0.0
25 21:10 S 30 G 44 16.09 Light Rain SCT048 SCT060 BKN110 21.3 16.5 74% 75.72 0.0
25 20:50 S 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 SCT070 SCT080 22.2 16 68% 75.74 0.0
25 20:30 S 20 G 33 16.09 Light Rain SCT060 SCT080 SCT100 21.8 15.7 68% 75.74 0.0
25 20:10 S 20 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT060 SCT080 SCT090 21.8 15.7 68% 75.77 0.0
25 19:50 S 28 G 44 16.09 Fair CLR 21.8 16.3 71% 75.72 0.0
25 19:30 S 43 G 54 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain and Windy CLR 21.9 16.6 72% 75.72 0.0
25 19:10 S 44 G 54 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain and Windy SCT047 SCT070 BKN090 22.5 17.1 72% 75.74 0.0
25 18:50 S 39 G 52 11.27 Thunderstorm Light Rain and Breezy SCT041 BKN065 OVC110 23.4 16.5 33.5 23.4 65% 75.72 0.0 0.15 0.15
25 18:30 SW 15 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT045 BKN060 OVC090 25.6 19.8 70% 27 75.82 0.0 0.05
25 18:10 S 13 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT070 OVC100 28.4 18.8 56% 30 75.72 0.0
25 17:50 E 11 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT055 SCT070 BKN110 29.2 17.1 48% 30 75.74 0.0
25 17:30 E 11 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT090 29.7 16.9 46% 30 75.77 0.0
25 17:10 SE 9 16.09 Thunderstorm CLR 30.2 16.8 44% 31 75.82 0.0
25 16:50 SE 17 11.27 Thunderstorm CLR 31.3 15.7 39% 31 75.82 0.0
25 16:30 SE 20 G 26 16.09 Fair CLR 32.2 17.8 42% 33 75.79 0.0
25 16:10 SE 26 16.09 Fair CLR 33.3 19 43% 35 75.79 0.0
25 15:30 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 33 17.8 40% 34 75.84 0.0
25 15:10 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 32.1 19.9 48% 34 75.9 0.0
25 14:50 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 31.4 19.2 48% 33 75.9 0.0
25 14:10 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 30.3 20.1 54% 32 75.92 0.0
25 13:50 SE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 29.7 20.2 57% 32 75.97 0.0
25 13:30 S 17 16.09 Fair CLR 29.3 20.1 58% 31 76 0.0
25 13:10 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 29.5 19.8 56% 31 76.02 0.0
25 12:50 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 28.9 20.2 28.9 22 59% 31 76.05 0.0
25 12:30 SE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT027 28.6 19.9 59% 30 76.05 0.0
25 12:10 S 15 16.09 Fair CLR 27.8 20.4 64% 30 76.07 0.0
25 11:50 S 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 26.6 20.2 68% 28 76.07 0.0
25 11:30 S 20 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 26.5 20 68% 28 76.05 0.0
25 11:10 SE 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT014 26.1 20.4 71% 27 76.05 0.0
25 10:50 SE 24 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN012 25.8 20.8 74% 27 76.05 0.0
25 10:30 SE 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN012 25 20.9 78% 26 76.07 0.0
25 10:10 SE 19 16.09 Overcast OVC011 24 20.8 82% 24 76.07 0.0
25 09:50 SE 20 16.09 Overcast OVC009 23.6 20.6 83% 76.12 0.0
25 09:30 SE 17 16.09 Overcast OVC007 23.5 20.8 85% 76.12 0.0
25 09:10 E 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN007 23.2 21 88% 76.1 0.0
25 08:50 SE 22 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT007 SCT014 23.1 21 88% 76.07 0.0
25 08:30 SE 19 16.09 Overcast BKN007 OVC014 23.2 21.6 91% 76.15 0.0
25 08:10 SE 15 11.27 Overcast OVC005 22.5 21 91% 76.17 0.0
25 07:50 SE 15 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC003 22.3 20.8 91% 76.2 0.0
25 07:30 SE 17 0.40 Fog OVC003 22.1 20.6 91% 76.17 0.0
25 07:10 E 19 0.40 Fog OVC003 22 20.5 91% 76.07 0.0
25 06:50 E 17 0.40 Fog OVC003 22 20.5 22 21.5 91% 76.05 0.0
25 06:30 E 15 0.80 Fog OVC003 21.9 20.4 91% 76.07 0.0
25 06:10 SE 17 1.21 Fog/Mist OVC003 21.8 20.3 91% 76.1 0.0
25 05:50 SE 9 0.40 Fog OVC003 21.7 20.2 91% 76.2 0.0
25 05:30 E 13 0.40 Fog OVC003 21.6 20 91% 76.2 0.0
25 05:10 E 17 0.40 Fog OVC003 21.7 20.1 91% 76.2 0.0
25 04:50 E 13 1.21 Fog/Mist OVC003 21.6 20 91% 76.17 0.0
25 04:30 E 15 1.61 Fog/Mist OVC003 21.6 19.8 90% 76.2 0.0
25 04:10 E 13 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC003 21.6 19.7 89% 76.25 0.0
25 03:50 E 15 16.09 Overcast OVC003 21.6 19.5 88% 76.25 0.0
25 03:30 E 17 16.09 Overcast OVC007 21.6 19.2 86% 76.23 0.0
25 03:10 E 17 16.09 Overcast OVC007 21.6 19.1 86% 76.25 0.0
25 02:50 E 19 16.09 Overcast OVC009 21.7 19 85% 76.28 0.0
25 02:30 E 19 16.09 Overcast OVC009 21.6 18.9 85% 76.28 0.0
25 02:10 E 15 16.09 Overcast OVC011 21.6 18.8 84% 76.33 0.0
25 01:50 E 15 16.09 Overcast BKN013 OVC041 21.5 18.7 84% 76.33 0.0
25 01:30 E 19 16.09 Overcast SCT013 OVC043 21.5 18.7 84% 76.3 0.0
25 01:10 E 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT045 BKN050 21.5 18.8 85% 76.28 0.0
25 00:50 E 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 21.5 18.7 27.8 21.5 84% 76.28 0.0
25 00:30 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 21.6 18.7 84% 76.3 0.0
25 00:10 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 21.7 18.6 83% 76.3 0.0
24 23:50 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 22.1 18.7 81% 76.3 0.0
24 23:30 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 22.2 18.7 81% 76.33 0.0
24 23:10 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 22.3 18.6 80% 76.33 0.0
24 22:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 22.6 18.5 78% 76.33 0.0
24 22:30 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 22.9 18.5 76% 76.33 0.0
24 22:10 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 18.5 75% 76.3 0.0
24 21:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 23.2 18.5 75% 76.33 0.0
24 21:30 NE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 23.9 18.5 72% 25 76.33 0.0
24 21:10 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 25 18.6 68% 26 76.3 0.0
24 20:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 25.2 18.6 67% 26 76.33 0.0
24 20:30 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 25.6 18.2 64% 27 76.33 0.0
24 20:10 E 11 16.09 Fair CLR 26.5 17.8 59% 27 76.3 0.0
24 19:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 27.1 17.3 55% 28 76.28 0.0
24 19:30 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.3 16.7 52% 28 76.25 0.0
24 19:10 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.6 16.8 52% 28 76.28 0.0
24 18:50 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.8 16 28.6 26 49% 28 76.28 0.0
24 18:30 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.6 16.5 51% 28 76.3 0.0
24 18:10 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 28 16.6 50% 28 76.33 0.0
24 17:50 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 28.1 17 51% 29 76.33 0.0
24 17:30 SE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 28.3 17 50% 29 76.35 0.0
24 17:10 E 17 16.09 Fair CLR 28.6 17.7 52% 29 76.38 0.0
24 16:50 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 28.4 18.2 54% 29 76.4 0.0
24 16:30 SE 11 16.09 Fair CLR 28.3 18 54% 29 76.43 0.0
24 16:10 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 28 18.2 55% 29 76.43 0.0
24 15:50 SE 11 G 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.6 18 56% 29 76.43 0.0
24 15:30 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 27.7 18.4 57% 29 76.43 0.0
24 15:10 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 27.1 18.6 60% 28 76.45 0.0
24 14:50 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 26.6 18.6 62% 28 76.45 0.0
24 14:30 S 13 16.09 Fair CLR 26.6 18.4 61% 28 76.48 0.0
24 14:10 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 26.3 17.9 60% 27 76.5 0.0
24 13:50 E 15 16.09 Fair CLR 27 17.9 58% 28 76.5 0.0
24 13:30 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 26.3 17.6 59% 27 76.53 0.0
24 13:10 E 13 16.09 Fair CLR 26.2 17.7 60% 27 76.53 0.0
24 12:50 E 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 25.8 18.1 25.8 19.7 63% 27 76.58 0.0 0.08
24 12:30 SE 17 G 26 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 25.5 18.1 64% 27 76.58 0.0
24 12:10 SE 20 G 37 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT019 25.2 17.9 64% 26 76.56 0.0
24 11:50 SE 24 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT014 SCT018 SCT120 24.5 18.2 68% 25 76.56 0.0
24 11:30 E 22 G 37 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN011 23.6 18.4 73% 76.58 0.0
24 11:10 E 28 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC009 22.6 18.3 77% 76.56 0.0
24 10:50 E 26 G 35 16.09 Overcast OVC009 22 18.3 80% 76.56 0.0
24 10:30 E 30 G 37 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN007 21.1 18.2 84% 76.53 0.0
24 10:10 E 24 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN007 20.5 18.1 86% 76.53 0.0
24 09:50 E 22 16.09 Overcast BKN007 OVC011 20.4 18.1 87% 76.61 0.0 0.08
24 09:30 E 19 16.09 Overcast OVC007 20.3 18.2 88% 76.63 0.0
24 09:10 E 19 16.09 Overcast OVC007 20.1 18.2 89% 76.61 0.0
24 08:50 E 17 16.09 Overcast OVC007 20 18.1 89% 76.63 0.0
Date Time (cdt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)