Weather observations for the past three days for
Walker Municipal Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (cst) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
09 23:15 N 13 16.09 Overcast OVC025 -8.2 -9.7 89% -13 75.06 0.0
09 22:55 N 11 11.27 Overcast SCT023 OVC028 -8.3 -9.9 88% -13 74.98 0.0 0.03
09 22:35 N 9 4.83 Light Snow SCT012 BKN025 OVC039 -8.2 -9.7 89% -12 74.93 0.0 0.03
09 22:15 N 7 2.01 Light Snow OVC012 -8.2 -9.7 89% -12 74.88 0.0 0.03
09 21:55 NE 6 2.01 Light Snow OVC014 -8.1 -9.6 89% 74.83 0.0 0.08
09 21:35 NE 6 2.01 Light Snow OVC014 -8.1 -9.6 89% 74.8 0.0 0.08
09 21:15 NE 7 2.41 Light Snow OVC010 -8.1 -9.6 89% -12 74.78 0.0 0.03
09 20:55 NE 6 1.21 Snow OVC010 -8.2 -9.7 89% 74.75 0.0 0.03 0.08
09 20:35 NE 6 2.01 Light Snow OVC012 -8.2 -9.7 89% 74.73 0.0 0.03
09 20:15 NE 6 2.01 Light Snow OVC010 -8.4 -10 88% 74.7 0.0
09 19:55 NE 7 1.61 Snow OVC010 -8.5 -10 89% -12 74.65 0.0 0.03
09 19:35 NE 13 2.01 Light Snow OVC012 -8.5 -10.1 88% -14 74.65 0.0 0.03
09 19:15 E 11 2.01 Light Snow BKN010 OVC013 -8.4 -10 88% -13 74.6 0.0
09 18:55 E 15 1.21 Snow OVC008 -8.3 -10 88% -14 74.57 0.0 0.03
09 18:35 E 11 1.61 Light Snow OVC010 -8.2 -9.8 88% -13 74.55 0.0 0.03
09 18:15 E 11 1.61 Light Snow OVC008 -8.2 -9.7 89% -13 74.52 0.0
09 17:55 E 15 0.80 Snow OVC006 -8.1 -9.6 -7.1 -8.1 89% -14 74.52 0.0 0.05 0.15
09 17:35 E 11 1.21 Snow OVC006 -7.8 -9.4 88% -12 74.52 0.0 0.03
09 17:15 E 9 0.80 Snow OVC006 -7.7 -9.2 89% -12 74.5 0.0
09 16:55 E 17 G 26 0.80 Snow OVC006 -7.7 -9.2 89% -14 74.47 0.0 0.03
09 16:35 E 15 G 26 0.40 Snow OVC006 -7.7 -9.2 89% -13 74.47 0.0 0.03
09 16:15 E 17 G 28 0.40 Snow OVC006 -7.6 -9.1 89% -14 74.47 0.0 0.03
09 15:55 E 15 0.80 Light Snow BKN006 OVC011 -7.3 -8.9 88% -13 74.47 0.0 0.03
09 15:35 E 11 0.40 Heavy Snow OVC006 -7.2 -8.7 89% -12 74.5 0.0 0.03
09 15:15 E 13 0.80 Light Snow OVC011 -7.3 -8.8 89% -12 74.5 0.0
09 14:55 E 13 0.80 Snow OVC011 -7.3 -8.8 89% -12 74.52 0.0 0.03 0.05
09 14:35 E 9 0.80 Light Snow OVC013 -7.2 -8.7 89% -11 74.55 0.0
09 14:15 E 11 1.61 Light Snow OVC017 -7.1 -8.6 89% -12 74.57 0.0
09 13:55 E 7 1.61 Light Snow OVC017 -7.2 -8.7 89% -10 74.6 0.0
09 13:35 E 9 1.21 Light Snow OVC016 -7.3 -8.8 89% -11 74.65 0.0
09 13:15 E 7 1.61 Light Snow BKN006 OVC016 -7.5 -9 89% -11 74.7 0.0
09 12:55 SE 7 2.01 Light Snow BKN004 OVC016 -7.5 -9.1 88% -11 74.78 0.0
09 12:35 E 7 6.44 Light Snow OVC004 -7.7 -9.2 89% -11 74.8 0.0
09 12:15 E 7 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -7.8 -9.5 88% -11 74.83 0.0
09 11:55 E 9 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 -8 -9.5 -8 -10 89% -12 74.85 0.0
09 11:35 SE 9 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 -8.2 -9.7 89% -12 74.9 0.0
09 11:15 SE 7 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -8.3 -9.8 89% -12 74.93 0.0
09 10:55 SE 6 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -8.5 -10.1 88% 74.98 0.0
09 10:35 E 6 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -8.8 -10.5 88% 75.03 0.0
09 10:15 SE 6 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9 -10.7 88% 75.06 0.0
09 09:55 SE 7 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.2 -11 87% -13 75.06 0.0
09 09:35 SE 7 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.3 -11.1 87% -13 75.08 0.0
09 09:15 SE 6 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.5 -11.3 87% 75.11 0.0
09 08:55 E 7 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.6 -11.5 86% -13 75.13 0.0
09 08:35 SE 6 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.6 -11.5 86% 75.18 0.0
09 08:15 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.7 -11.5 87% 75.18 0.0
09 07:55 SE 6 11.27 Overcast OVC006 -9.7 -11.6 86% 75.21 0.0
09 07:35 E 6 16.09 Overcast OVC006 -10 -11.8 87% 75.21 0.0
09 07:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC004 -9.8 -11.7 86% 75.23 0.0
09 06:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.8 -11.7 86% 75.23 0.0
09 06:35 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.23 0.0
09 06:15 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.26 0.0
09 05:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 -9.6 -10 87% 75.29 0.0
09 05:35 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.29 0.0
09 05:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.29 0.0
09 04:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.31 0.0
09 04:35 W 6 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.34 0.0
09 04:15 W 7 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.9 -11.8 86% -14 75.34 0.0
09 03:55 NW 6 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.9 -11.8 86% 75.34 0.0
09 03:35 NW 7 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.8 -11.7 86% -13 75.34 0.0
09 03:15 NW 7 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.8 -11.7 86% -13 75.39 0.0
09 02:55 N 13 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.7 -11.6 86% -15 75.39 0.0
09 02:35 Calm 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.7 -11.5 87% 75.39 0.0
09 02:15 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -9.8 -11.7 86% 75.39 0.0
09 01:55 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -9.8 -11.7 86% 75.41 0.0
09 01:35 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.41 0.0
09 01:15 Calm 11.27 Overcast OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.39 0.0
09 00:55 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.39 0.0
09 00:35 Calm 8.05 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.39 0.0
09 00:15 Calm 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC006 -10 -11.8 87% 75.39 0.0
08 23:55 Calm 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10 -11.8 -10 -11.1 87% 75.41 0.0 0.05
08 23:35 Calm 4.83 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.41 0.0
08 23:15 Calm 4.02 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10 -11.8 87% 75.41 0.0
08 22:55 Calm 4.02 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10 -11.9 86% 75.41 0.0 0.03
08 22:35 Calm 3.22 Fog/Mist OVC004 -10.2 -12 87% 75.41 0.0 0.03
08 22:15 Calm 4.02 Fog/Mist OVC006 -10.2 -12 87% 75.44 0.0
08 21:55 Calm 4.02 Fog/Mist OVC006 -10.5 -12 89% 75.46 0.0
08 21:35 Calm 4.02 Light Snow OVC006 -10.5 -12.2 87% 75.49 0.0
08 21:15 Calm 6.44 Light Snow OVC008 -10.5 -13 82% 75.49 0.0
08 20:55 SE 6 11.27 Light Snow OVC010 -10.5 -13.6 78% 75.51 0.0 0.03
08 20:35 S 9 11.27 Light Snow OVC012 -10.6 -14 76% -15 75.51 0.0
08 20:15 SE 6 11.27 Light Snow OVC016 -10.7 -14 77% 75.57 0.0
08 19:55 SE 6 16.09 Light Snow OVC018 -10.8 -13.8 79% 75.57 0.0
08 19:35 SE 7 2.41 Light Snow BKN014 OVC021 -11 -13.9 79% -15 75.59 0.0
08 19:15 SE 7 1.61 Light Snow OVC012 -11 -13.9 79% -15 75.62 0.0
08 18:55 SE 7 1.21 Snow OVC006 -11 -14 79% -15 75.64 0.0 0.03
08 18:35 SE 7 1.21 Snow OVC006 -11 -14 79% -15 75.64 0.0
08 18:15 SE 7 1.21 Snow OVC006 -11 -14.1 78% -15 75.69 0.0
08 17:55 SE 7 2.01 Light Snow OVC011 -11 -14.1 -11 -12.5 78% -15 75.67 0.0
08 17:35 SE 7 2.41 Light Snow BKN013 BKN017 OVC027 -11.1 -14.5 76% -15 75.69 0.0
08 17:15 SE 15 4.02 Light Snow SCT017 SCT022 OVC027 -11.1 -14.7 75% -17 75.74 0.0
08 16:55 SE 15 4.02 Light Snow SCT015 BKN027 OVC033 -11.2 -14.7 76% -18 75.74 0.0
08 16:35 SE 11 2.82 Light Snow SCT011 BKN030 OVC035 -11.3 -14.7 76% -17 75.77 0.0
08 16:15 SE 11 3.22 Light Snow OVC011 -11.5 -15 76% -17 75.82 0.0
08 15:55 SE 9 4.83 Light Snow OVC011 -11.3 -15 74% -16 75.84 0.0
08 15:35 SE 13 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -11.2 -15.3 72% -17 75.87 0.0
08 15:15 SE 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -11.2 -15.7 70% -17 75.9 0.0
08 14:55 S 13 16.09 Overcast OVC013 -11.1 -15.8 69% -17 75.95 0.0
08 14:35 S 11 16.09 Overcast OVC013 -11.2 -16 68% -17 75.97 0.0
08 14:15 S 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC013 -11.3 -16.3 67% -17 76.02 0.0
08 13:55 S 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC013 -11.2 -16.1 67% -17 76.05 0.0
08 13:35 S 15 16.09 Overcast OVC013 -11.5 -16.5 67% -18 76.07 0.0
08 13:15 SE 13 16.09 Light Snow OVC013 -11.7 -16.6 67% -18 76.07 0.0
08 12:55 S 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC013 -11.8 -16.5 68% -17 76.12 0.0
08 12:35 S 11 16.09 Overcast OVC013 -12 -16.6 69% -17 76.15 0.0
08 12:15 SE 13 16.09 Light Snow OVC013 -12.2 -16.6 70% -18 76.17 0.0
08 11:55 S 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC013 -12.4 -16.8 -12.4 -15.5 70% -18 76.23 0.0
08 11:35 S 13 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -12.5 -16.7 71% -19 76.25 0.0
08 11:15 S 11 8.05 Light Snow OVC011 -12.7 -16.9 71% -18 76.3 0.0
08 10:55 S 7 11.27 Light Snow OVC011 -12.7 -16.8 72% -17 76.38 0.0
08 10:35 S 7 11.27 Light Snow OVC011 -13 -17 72% -17 76.4 0.0
08 10:15 S 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -13.1 -17 73% -19 76.4 0.0
08 09:55 S 17 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -13.2 -17 73% -21 76.4 0.0
08 09:35 S 11 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -13.4 -17.2 73% -19 76.4 0.0
08 09:15 S 13 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -13.6 -17.3 74% -20 76.4 0.0
08 08:55 S 13 16.09 Light Snow OVC011 -13.8 -17.7 73% -20 76.4 0.0
08 08:35 S 13 16.09 Overcast OVC011 -14 -18 72% -20 76.43 0.0
08 08:15 SE 9 16.09 Overcast OVC011 -14.1 -18.5 70% -19 76.43 0.0
08 07:55 SE 17 16.09 Overcast OVC013 -14.1 -18.5 70% -22 76.45 0.0
08 07:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC013 -14.2 -18.5 70% -19 76.45 0.0
08 07:15 SE 11 16.09 Light Snow SCT015 OVC020 -14.3 -18.5 71% -20 76.48 0.0
08 06:55 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC024 -14.5 -18.5 72% -19 76.5 0.0
08 06:35 SE 9 16.09 Light Snow OVC029 -15 -18.8 73% -20 76.5 0.0
08 06:15 SE 6 16.09 Light Snow BKN031 -15.2 -19 73% 76.56 0.0
08 05:55 SE 7 16.09 Light Snow SCT031 -15.5 -19.3 -14.3 -15.6 73% -20 76.56 0.0
08 05:35 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR -15.5 -19.5 72% -20 76.56 0.0
08 05:15 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR -15.5 -19.6 71% 76.58 0.0
08 04:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR -15.5 -19.7 70% 76.61 0.0
08 04:35 S 7 16.09 Light Snow CLR -15.3 -19.7 69% -20 76.63 0.0
08 04:15 S 6 16.09 Fair CLR -15.3 -20 68% 76.63 0.0
08 03:55 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR -15.1 -20 66% 76.63 0.0
08 03:35 S 11 16.09 Fair CLR -15 -20 66% -21 76.68 0.0
08 03:15 S 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT033 -14.6 -20 64% -20 76.71 0.0
08 02:55 S 11 16.09 Light Snow SCT033 SCT039 BKN050 -14.5 -19.5 66% -20 76.71 0.0
08 02:35 S 9 11.27 Light Snow OVC050 -14.5 -19.2 68% -20 76.71 0.0
08 02:15 S 11 8.05 Light Snow SCT020 SCT035 OVC055 -14.5 -19.4 67% -20 76.73 0.0
08 01:55 S 7 6.44 Light Snow SCT020 BKN035 OVC042 -14.5 -20.1 63% -19 76.76 0.0
08 01:35 S 11 16.09 Overcast BKN039 OVC060 -14.3 -21.2 56% -20 76.78 0.0
08 01:15 S 7 16.09 Overcast BKN060 OVC070 -14.5 -21.4 56% -19 76.81 0.0
08 00:55 SE 7 16.09 Overcast OVC070 -14.6 -21.6 56% -19 76.81 0.0
08 00:35 SE 7 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC080 -14.5 -21.7 55% -19 76.84 0.0
08 00:15 S 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN090 -14.6 -21.6 56% -21 76.86 0.0
07 23:55 S 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN090 -14.8 -22 -14.8 -17.8 55% 76.89 0.0
07 23:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC090 -15 -22.1 55% 76.89 0.0
07 23:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC090 -15 -22.5 53% 76.89 0.0
07 22:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC100 -15.2 -22.5 54% 76.89 0.0
07 22:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC100 -15.7 -22.1 58% 76.89 0.0
07 22:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 -15.8 -22.1 59% 76.89 0.0
07 21:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT100 -16.5 -22.3 61% 76.89 0.0
07 21:35 S 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 BKN120 -17.1 -22.9 61% 76.94 0.0
07 21:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC110 -16.7 -23 58% 76.94 0.0
07 20:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 -16.5 -22.8 58% 76.94 0.0
07 20:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 -16.9 -23 59% 76.94 0.0
07 20:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 -17 -23.2 59% 76.94 0.0
07 19:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -16.1 -22.8 57% 76.94 0.0
07 19:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN100 -16 -22.2 59% 76.94 0.0
07 19:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT100 BKN110 -16.5 -22.5 60% 76.94 0.0
07 18:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 -17.6 -24.5 55% 76.96 0.0
07 18:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN120 -17 -23.9 55% 76.96 0.0
07 18:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 -17.1 -23.7 57% 76.96 0.0
07 17:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -17.1 -23.8 -12.6 -17.7 56% 76.99 0.0
07 17:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -17.1 -23.7 57% 76.99 0.0
07 17:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -16.7 -23.7 55% 76.99 0.0
07 16:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -16.5 -23.7 54% 76.99 0.0
07 16:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -15.7 -23.5 51% 76.99 0.0
07 16:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -15.2 -23.1 51% 76.99 0.0
07 15:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -14.5 -23 49% 76.99 0.0
07 15:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -13.7 -23.3 44% 76.96 0.0
07 15:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -14 -23.1 46% 76.96 0.0
07 14:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -13.5 -23.3 44% 76.96 0.0
07 14:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR -13.1 -23.6 41% 76.96 0.0
07 13:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -12.9 -24.7 37% 76.99 0.0
07 13:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -14 -24.7 40% 76.99 0.0
07 13:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -14.6 -25 41% 76.99 0.0
07 12:55 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR -14.7 -24.8 42% 77.01 0.0
07 12:35 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -15.6 -25 45% 77.04 0.0
07 12:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -16 -25.2 45% 77.04 0.0
07 11:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -16.7 -24.8 -16.7 -25.9 50% 77.04 0.0
07 11:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -17.2 -25 51% 77.04 0.0
07 11:15 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR -17.9 -24.7 56% 77.01 0.0
07 10:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -18.6 -24.7 59% 77.01 0.0
07 10:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -19.4 -24.7 63% 77.04 0.0
07 10:15 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -20.1 -25.1 65% 77.01 0.0
07 09:55 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -21 -25.7 66% 77.01 0.0
07 09:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -22 -26.3 68% 76.99 0.0
07 09:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -22.7 -27 68% -28 76.96 0.0
07 08:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -23.6 -27.9 68% 76.96 0.0
07 08:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -23.9 -28.2 68% 76.94 0.0
07 08:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -24.8 -28.9 69% 76.94 0.0
07 07:55 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -25.7 -29.9 68% 76.94 0.0
07 07:35 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -24.8 -29 68% 76.91 0.0
07 07:15 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -24.1 -28.2 69% 76.91 0.0
07 06:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -24.1 -28.2 69% 76.91 0.0
07 06:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -24.1 -28.2 69% 76.91 0.0
07 06:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -24.5 -28.5 70% 76.89 0.0
07 05:55 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR -25.1 -29.1 -20.6 -25.7 69% -31 76.86 0.0
07 05:35 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -24.5 -28.4 70% 76.84 0.0
07 05:15 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR -24.6 -28.5 70% -31 76.81 0.0
07 04:55 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -25.2 -29.1 70% 76.78 0.0
07 04:35 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR -25.6 -29.5 70% -32 76.78 0.0
07 04:15 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -25.2 -29.2 69% 76.76 0.0
07 03:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -24.9 -28.6 71% 76.76 0.0
07 03:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -23.9 -27.6 72% 76.73 0.0
07 03:15 NW 6 16.09 Fair CLR -24.1 -27.9 71% 76.73 0.0
07 02:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR -23.5 -27.1 72% 76.73 0.0
07 02:35 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR -23.5 -27.3 71% -29 76.73 0.0
07 02:15 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -22.7 -26.6 71% 76.71 0.0
07 01:55 W 6 16.09 Fair CLR -22.1 -26 71% 76.68 0.0
07 01:35 W 7 16.09 Fair CLR -22 -26 70% -28 76.66 0.0
07 01:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -21.5 -25.6 70% -27 76.66 0.0
07 00:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR -21.5 -25.6 70% -28 76.66 0.0
07 00:35 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -21.3 -25.4 70% -27 76.63 0.0
07 00:15 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -21 -25.3 69% -26 76.63 0.0
06 23:55 NW 9 16.09 Fair CLR -20.6 -25.1 -15.4 -20.6 67% -27 76.61 0.0
06 23:35 NW 7 16.09 Fair CLR -20.1 -25 65% -25 76.56 0.0
Date Time (cst) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)