Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
664
UXUS97 KBOU 101315
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
0714 MDT Monday, June 10, 2024
This forecast is for Monday, June 10, 2024:
If the trigger temperature of 78.4 F/25.8 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 980 ft/min (5.0 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 14643 ft MSL (9342 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 87.0 F/31.0 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1045 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ 1400 MDT
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 10478 ft MSL (5177 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Tuesday 06/11...... Excellent
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1800 MDT).........
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1800 MDT)................ Neither
Potential height of wave....................... 19074 ft MSL (13773 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Tuesday 06/11......... Poor
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 05:30:56 / 20:27:18 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 14 hr 56 min 22 sec (896 min 22 sec)
Altitude of sun at 12:59:07 MDT... 73.32 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 06/10/2024 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 15647 ft MSL (10346 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 13816 ft MSL (8515 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 14072 ft MSL (8771 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... -5.5
K index......................... +29.2
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -57.4 -71.3 140 6 3 4.3 2.3 M M M M M
45000 -53.5 -64.3 195 21 11 -2.2 -1.2 M M M M M
40000 -55.7 -68.3 225 59 31 7.6 4.1 M M M M M
38000 -51.4 -60.5 225 47 24 7.1 3.9 M M M M M
36000 -47.1 -52.8 225 35 18 7.1 3.9 M M M M M
34000 -42.0 -43.6 230 25 13 8.9 4.9 M M M M M
32000 -36.7 -34.1 245 16 8 8.9 4.9 M M M M M
30000 -31.2 -24.2 260 9 5 7.8 4.3 44.4 112.0 10.5 M M
29000 -28.9 -20.0 260 7 4 7.8 4.3 43.7 110.7 10.1 M M
28000 -26.6 -15.9 265 4 2 7.6 4.2 43.1 109.6 9.7 M M
27000 -24.4 -11.9 250 4 2 7.4 4.1 42.1 107.8 9.0 M M
26000 -22.2 -8.0 235 4 2 7.4 4.1 41.2 106.2 8.4 M M
25000 -20.0 -4.0 220 4 2 7.6 4.2 40.4 104.8 7.8 M M
24000 -18.1 -0.6 250 3 2 5.9 3.2 39.1 102.4 6.8 M M
23000 -16.4 2.5 300 4 2 6.0 3.3 37.7 99.8 5.6 M M
22000 -14.7 5.5 320 7 3 6.0 3.3 36.4 97.5 4.6 M M
21000 -12.6 9.3 335 10 5 7.1 3.9 35.3 95.6 3.7 M M
20000 -10.5 13.1 340 15 7 7.1 3.9 34.4 93.9 2.9 M M
19500 -9.5 14.9 340 17 9 7.1 3.9 34.0 93.2 2.6 M M
19000 -8.4 16.9 345 18 9 8.2 4.5 33.6 92.5 2.2 M M
18500 -7.2 19.0 345 18 9 8.4 4.6 33.4 92.1 2.0 M M
18000 -6.0 21.2 345 18 9 8.4 4.6 33.2 91.7 1.8 M M
17500 -4.8 23.4 350 17 9 8.1 4.4 32.9 91.2 1.5 M M
17000 -3.6 25.5 350 15 7 8.1 4.5 32.6 90.7 1.2 M M
16500 -2.4 27.7 355 13 6 8.4 4.6 32.4 90.2 0.9 M M
16000 -1.2 29.8 360 11 6 8.5 4.6 32.1 89.8 0.7 M M
15500 0.7 33.3 005 9 5 8.4 4.6 31.8 89.3 0.4 M M
15000 1.9 35.4 010 9 5 8.4 4.6 31.6 88.9 0.1 M M
14500 3.1 37.6 010 10 5 8.3 4.6 31.4 88.5 -0.1 754 3.8
14000 4.3 39.7 010 9 5 8.3 4.5 31.1 88.0 -0.3 702 3.6
13500 5.6 42.1 010 8 4 8.3 4.5 30.9 87.6 -0.5 650 3.3
13000 6.8 44.2 005 7 3 8.3 4.6 30.7 87.2 -0.8 598 3.0
12500 8.1 46.6 355 5 3 8.0 4.4 30.4 86.8 -1.0 546 2.8
12000 9.1 48.4 335 3 2 6.6 3.6 30.0 86.0 -1.4 501 2.5
11500 10.0 50.0 300 3 1 6.7 3.7 29.5 85.1 -2.0 458 2.3
11000 11.0 51.8 245 3 2 7.0 3.8 29.1 84.3 -2.5 415 2.1
10500 11.9 53.4 225 6 3 4.5 2.5 28.7 83.6 -3.0 372 1.9
10250 12.1 53.8 220 7 3 3.7 2.0 28.1 82.6 -3.6 360 1.8
10000 12.5 54.5 220 7 4 7.7 4.2 27.8 82.1 -3.9 339 1.7
9750 13.0 55.4 215 7 4 7.9 4.3 27.7 81.8 -4.1 317 1.6
9500 13.5 56.3 215 8 4 7.5 4.1 27.5 81.6 -4.3 294 1.5
9250 14.0 57.2 210 8 4 4.6 2.5 27.3 81.1 -4.7 274 1.4
9000 14.2 57.6 210 8 4 3.8 2.1 26.8 80.2 -5.1 259 1.3
8750 14.5 58.1 210 7 4 4.8 2.7 26.4 79.5 -5.6 242 1.2
8500 14.8 58.6 210 7 3 4.5 2.5 26.0 78.8 -6.0 225 1.1
8250 15.2 59.4 210 7 3 4.4 2.4 25.6 78.0 -6.4 208 1.1
8000 15.5 59.9 210 7 3 4.2 2.3 25.2 77.3 -6.8 190 1.0
7750 15.8 60.4 210 7 4 4.1 2.3 24.7 76.5 -7.2 173 0.9
7500 16.2 61.2 210 7 4 3.9 2.1 24.3 75.7 -7.6 156 0.8
7250 16.4 61.5 210 8 4 3.7 2.0 23.8 74.9 -8.1 141 0.7
7000 16.7 62.1 215 8 4 3.6 2.0 23.4 74.1 -8.6 126 0.6
6750 16.9 62.4 215 9 5 3.2 1.8 22.9 73.2 -9.1 112 0.6
6500 17.0 62.6 215 9 5 1.1 0.6 22.3 72.2 -9.8 100 0.5
6250 17.0 62.6 210 10 5 -0.3 -0.2 21.6 70.9 -10.6 94 0.5
6000 16.9 62.4 205 10 5 0.4 0.2 20.9 69.6 -11.4 88 0.4
5750 16.9 62.4 195 11 6 -2.6 -1.4 20.1 68.2 -12.2 84 0.4
5500 16.4 61.5 190 9 5 -7.7 -4.2 19.0 66.1 -13.4 91 0.5
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
06/10/2024 at 0900 MDT | 06/10/2024 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... +571.9 LI... -2.8 | CAPE... +1228.1 LI... -4.0
CINH... -213.7 K Index... +26.4 | CINH... -46.1 K Index... +26.1
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -57.7 -71.9 210 7 4 4.3 2.4 | -59.0 -74.2 235 14 7 2.8 1.6
45000 -53.9 -65.0 220 22 11 -2.3 -1.3 | -55.8 -68.4 230 27 14 -0.0 -0.0
40000 -56.2 -69.2 235 51 26 7.7 4.2 | -55.1 -67.2 245 39 20 6.7 3.7
38000 -51.8 -61.2 230 40 21 7.4 4.1 | -51.2 -60.2 240 32 16 6.5 3.6
36000 -47.3 -53.1 225 30 15 7.3 4.0 | -47.3 -53.1 230 25 13 6.4 3.5
34000 -41.9 -43.4 220 23 12 9.4 5.2 | -42.0 -43.6 220 20 10 9.3 5.1
32000 -36.3 -33.3 210 18 9 9.4 5.2 | -36.5 -33.7 215 16 8 9.3 5.1
30000 -30.9 -23.6 205 11 6 7.5 4.1 | -30.9 -23.6 205 13 6 8.1 4.4
29000 -28.7 -19.7 200 8 4 7.5 4.1 | -28.5 -19.3 200 11 6 8.1 4.4
28000 -26.5 -15.7 195 6 3 7.5 4.1 | -26.1 -15.0 195 9 5 6.9 3.8
27000 -24.2 -11.6 190 6 3 7.5 4.1 | -24.3 -11.7 190 10 5 6.2 3.4
26000 -22.0 -7.6 185 7 4 7.5 4.1 | -22.4 -8.3 185 11 6 6.2 3.4
25000 -19.8 -3.6 180 8 4 7.6 4.1 | -20.6 -5.1 180 12 6 6.2 3.4
24000 -17.9 -0.2 180 6 3 6.0 3.3 | -18.5 -1.3 185 9 4 7.3 4.0
23000 -16.1 3.0 195 3 1 6.1 3.3 | -16.3 2.7 215 4 2 7.3 4.0
22000 -14.3 6.3 310 1 1 6.1 3.4 | -14.2 6.4 300 4 2 7.3 4.0
21000 -12.4 9.7 345 5 3 6.8 3.7 | -12.0 10.4 330 6 3 7.0 3.8
20000 -10.4 13.3 350 10 5 6.8 3.7 | -9.9 14.2 340 9 5 7.0 3.8
19500 -9.4 15.1 355 12 6 6.8 3.7 | -8.9 16.0 345 11 6 6.9 3.8
19000 -8.4 16.9 355 13 7 7.2 4.0 | -7.8 18.0 345 12 6 7.4 4.1
18500 -7.4 18.7 355 14 7 7.3 4.0 | -6.7 19.9 345 12 6 7.6 4.1
18000 -6.3 20.7 355 14 7 7.5 4.1 | -5.6 21.9 345 12 6 7.6 4.2
17500 -5.1 22.8 360 14 7 8.4 4.6 | -4.6 23.7 345 12 6 7.4 4.1
17000 -3.9 25.0 360 13 7 8.3 4.6 | -3.5 25.7 345 11 6 7.4 4.1
16500 -2.6 27.3 005 12 6 9.0 4.9 | -2.4 27.7 350 10 5 8.3 4.6
16000 -1.3 29.7 010 10 5 9.1 5.0 | -1.2 29.8 350 8 4 8.5 4.6
15500 -0.0 32.0 020 8 4 9.0 4.9 | -0.0 32.0 355 6 3 8.7 4.8
15000 1.9 35.4 025 7 3 8.8 4.8 | 2.0 35.6 350 4 2 9.1 5.0
14500 3.2 37.8 025 6 3 8.7 4.8 | 3.3 37.9 345 3 2 8.9 4.9
14000 4.5 40.1 025 6 3 8.7 4.8 | 4.6 40.3 335 3 2 8.9 4.9
13500 5.9 42.6 025 6 3 8.7 4.8 | 6.0 42.8 330 3 2 8.8 4.8
13000 7.1 44.8 020 5 2 8.6 4.7 | 7.2 45.0 320 3 2 8.7 4.8
12500 8.4 47.1 015 4 2 8.5 4.7 | 8.5 47.3 310 4 2 8.7 4.8
12000 9.6 49.3 355 2 1 8.1 4.5 | 9.8 49.6 305 4 2 8.6 4.7
11500 10.9 51.6 310 2 1 8.0 4.4 | 11.1 52.0 295 5 3 8.5 4.7
11000 11.9 53.4 260 2 1 6.8 3.7 | 12.3 54.1 285 5 3 7.9 4.3
10500 12.9 55.2 235 3 2 3.9 2.2 | 13.4 56.1 275 5 3 5.2 2.9
10250 13.1 55.6 235 4 2 5.2 2.9 | 13.7 56.7 270 5 3 5.7 3.1
10000 13.7 56.7 230 5 2 10.2 5.6 | 14.3 57.7 265 6 3 9.7 5.3
9750 14.3 57.7 230 5 3 9.1 5.0 | 15.0 59.0 260 6 3 8.7 4.8
9500 14.9 58.8 230 6 3 8.9 4.9 | 15.6 60.1 260 6 3 8.6 4.7
9250 15.4 59.7 225 7 3 6.6 3.6 | 16.2 61.2 255 6 3 7.2 4.0
9000 15.9 60.6 225 7 4 5.8 3.2 | 16.7 62.1 255 6 3 7.3 4.0
8750 16.3 61.3 225 7 4 6.5 3.6 | 17.2 63.0 255 6 3 8.1 4.4
8500 16.8 62.2 225 7 4 5.9 3.2 | 17.8 64.0 250 6 3 7.4 4.0
8250 17.1 62.8 230 7 4 5.3 2.9 | 18.3 64.9 245 5 3 5.7 3.1
8000 17.5 63.5 230 7 4 4.0 2.2 | 18.6 65.5 240 4 2 5.8 3.2
7750 17.7 63.9 235 6 3 3.0 1.6 | 19.0 66.2 225 3 2 6.4 3.5
7500 17.9 64.2 240 6 3 1.9 1.0 | 19.3 66.7 205 3 1 7.6 4.2
7250 18.0 64.4 245 5 3 0.7 0.4 | 19.9 67.8 190 2 1 9.4 5.1
7000 18.0 64.4 250 5 3 0.7 0.4 | 20.6 69.1 180 2 1 9.6 5.3
6750 18.0 64.4 255 5 2 0.3 0.1 | 21.3 70.3 175 2 1 10.4 5.7
6500 18.0 64.4 255 4 2 3.8 2.1 | 22.1 71.8 175 2 1 10.9 6.0
6250 18.4 65.1 245 3 2 7.1 3.9 | 22.9 73.2 175 2 1 11.2 6.1
6000 18.8 65.8 225 3 1 5.4 3.0 | 23.7 74.7 175 2 1 10.2 5.6
5750 19.2 66.6 200 2 1 10.1 5.5 | 24.5 76.1 175 2 1 13.2 7.3
5500 20.3 68.5 190 2 1 20.9 11.4 | 25.8 78.4 175 2 1 24.4 13.4
06/10/2024 at 1500 MDT | 06/10/2024 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... +1067.9 LI... -3.8 | CAPE... +959.1 LI... -3.1
CINH... -7.4 K Index... +28.8 | CINH... -58.1 K Index... +32.1
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -58.7 -73.7 260 17 9 2.7 1.5 | -58.1 -72.6 275 16 8 2.7 1.5
45000 -55.5 -67.9 255 28 15 0.3 0.2 | -55.3 -67.5 265 25 13 -0.7 -0.4
40000 -54.3 -65.7 265 34 17 6.5 3.6 | -55.3 -67.5 265 26 14 7.7 4.2
38000 -50.5 -58.9 250 33 17 6.3 3.4 | -50.8 -59.4 250 29 15 7.5 4.1
36000 -46.8 -52.2 235 34 18 6.2 3.4 | -46.3 -51.3 240 33 17 7.4 4.1
34000 -41.8 -43.2 230 30 15 8.8 4.8 | -41.1 -42.0 245 28 14 9.0 4.9
32000 -36.6 -33.9 230 24 12 8.8 4.8 | -35.0 -31.0 260 20 10 9.0 4.9
30000 -30.7 -23.3 225 18 9 8.6 4.7 | -30.0 -22.0 265 15 8 8.3 4.6
29000 -28.2 -18.8 220 16 8 8.7 4.8 | -27.5 -17.5 270 12 6 8.3 4.6
28000 -25.6 -14.1 215 15 8 6.6 3.6 | -25.1 -13.2 275 9 5 7.0 3.9
27000 -24.1 -11.4 205 15 7 5.2 2.9 | -23.3 -9.9 265 8 4 6.1 3.4
26000 -22.5 -8.5 200 15 8 5.2 2.9 | -21.5 -6.7 245 7 4 6.1 3.4
25000 -21.0 -5.8 190 15 8 5.0 2.8 | -19.6 -3.3 230 7 4 6.1 3.3
24000 -18.9 -2.0 190 11 6 7.7 4.2 | -17.7 0.1 225 7 3 6.8 3.7
23000 -16.6 2.1 200 5 2 7.7 4.2 | -15.7 3.7 225 6 3 6.8 3.7
22000 -14.4 6.1 325 2 1 7.7 4.2 | -13.7 7.3 230 5 3 6.8 3.7
21000 -12.2 10.0 340 6 3 7.3 4.0 | -11.6 11.1 230 4 2 7.2 3.9
20000 -10.0 14.0 340 9 5 7.3 4.0 | -9.5 14.9 240 2 1 7.2 3.9
19500 -8.9 16.0 340 11 6 7.3 4.0 | -8.5 16.7 255 1 0 7.2 4.0
19000 -7.8 18.0 340 12 6 8.3 4.5 | -7.4 18.7 000 0 0 6.8 3.8
18500 -6.5 20.3 335 12 6 8.4 4.6 | -6.5 20.3 320 1 0 6.8 3.7
18000 -5.3 22.5 335 12 6 8.4 4.6 | -5.5 22.1 330 1 0 6.8 3.7
17500 -4.1 24.6 330 12 6 8.2 4.5 | -4.5 23.9 315 1 0 6.9 3.8
17000 -2.9 26.8 330 11 6 8.2 4.5 | -3.5 25.7 295 1 0 6.8 3.8
16500 -1.7 28.9 325 10 5 7.7 4.2 | -2.5 27.5 275 1 0 7.6 4.2
16000 -0.6 30.9 320 8 4 7.7 4.2 | -1.4 29.5 245 1 1 7.8 4.3
15500 0.5 32.9 315 6 3 8.1 4.4 | 0.3 32.5 235 2 1 8.5 4.7
15000 2.3 36.1 305 4 2 8.6 4.7 | 1.5 34.7 240 2 1 8.5 4.7
14500 3.6 38.5 295 3 2 8.8 4.9 | 2.8 37.0 245 3 1 8.9 4.9
14000 4.9 40.8 290 3 2 8.9 4.9 | 4.1 39.4 255 3 2 9.1 5.0
13500 6.3 43.3 280 3 2 9.1 5.0 | 5.3 41.5 260 3 2 9.3 5.1
13000 7.6 45.7 275 3 2 9.2 5.1 | 6.7 44.1 265 4 2 9.4 5.2
12500 9.0 48.2 275 3 2 9.2 5.0 | 8.1 46.6 265 4 2 9.4 5.2
12000 10.3 50.5 275 4 2 9.1 5.0 | 9.4 48.9 270 4 2 9.3 5.1
11500 11.6 52.9 270 4 2 9.0 4.9 | 10.8 51.4 275 5 2 9.3 5.1
11000 12.8 55.0 260 3 2 7.5 4.1 | 12.1 53.8 280 5 3 8.3 4.5
10500 13.8 56.8 245 3 2 11.1 6.1 | 13.3 55.9 285 5 3 12.6 6.9
10250 14.7 58.5 235 3 1 12.0 6.6 | 14.4 57.9 290 6 3 12.8 7.0
10000 15.4 59.7 230 3 1 8.0 4.4 | 15.0 59.0 295 6 3 7.3 4.0
9750 16.0 60.8 225 3 1 9.2 5.1 | 15.7 60.3 300 7 4 8.8 4.8
9500 16.6 61.9 220 3 1 8.5 4.7 | 16.3 61.3 300 8 4 8.3 4.6
9250 17.2 63.0 215 3 1 8.6 4.7 | 16.9 62.4 305 9 5 7.9 4.3
9000 17.9 64.2 215 3 1 9.9 5.4 | 17.5 63.5 305 10 5 7.8 4.3
8750 18.6 65.5 215 3 1 10.6 5.8 | 18.1 64.6 310 11 6 8.2 4.5
8500 19.4 66.9 215 3 1 10.4 5.7 | 18.7 65.7 310 13 6 7.9 4.3
8250 20.2 68.4 215 3 1 10.4 5.7 | 19.2 66.6 310 14 7 6.9 3.8
8000 20.9 69.6 215 3 1 10.0 5.5 | 19.6 67.3 315 16 8 6.1 3.3
7750 21.7 71.1 215 3 1 9.6 5.2 | 20.1 68.2 315 18 9 6.1 3.3
7500 22.4 72.3 215 3 1 9.9 5.4 | 20.5 68.9 315 19 10 5.8 3.2
7250 23.1 73.6 215 3 1 10.2 5.6 | 20.9 69.6 315 21 11 5.0 2.8
7000 23.9 75.0 215 3 1 10.2 5.6 | 21.3 70.3 315 23 12 5.3 2.9
6750 24.6 76.3 215 3 1 9.9 5.4 | 21.7 71.1 315 25 13 6.2 3.4
6500 25.4 77.7 215 3 1 10.5 5.8 | 22.1 71.8 315 26 14 8.4 4.6
6250 26.2 79.2 215 3 1 11.4 6.3 | 22.8 73.0 315 26 13 10.3 5.6
6000 27.0 80.6 215 3 1 10.6 5.8 | 23.5 74.3 315 25 13 9.4 5.2
5750 27.8 82.0 215 3 1 12.3 6.7 | 24.2 75.6 315 25 13 10.6 5.8
5500 29.0 84.2 215 3 1 21.9 12.0 | 25.3 77.5 315 22 11 18.5 10.1
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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