Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
489
UXUS97 KBOU 030116
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
1815 MST Sunday, November 2, 2025
This forecast is for Monday, November 3, 2025:
If the trigger temperature of 67.0 F/19.4 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Fair
Maximum rate of lift........................ 281 ft/min (1.4 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 8497 ft MSL (3221 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 61.0 F/16.6 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... None
Time of overdevelopment........................ 1100 MST
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 7817 ft MSL (2540 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Tuesday 11/04...... Good
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1700 MST)......... No change
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1700 MST)................ Weak PVA
Potential height of wave....................... 40197 ft MSL (34921 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Tuesday 11/04......... Fair
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:31:05 / 16:54:54 MST
Total possible sunshine........... 10 hr 23 min 48 sec (623 min 48 sec)
Altitude of sun at 11:42:59 MST... 34.77 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 11/03/2025 at 0500 MST
Freezing level.................. 14935 ft MSL (9659 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 19934 ft MSL (14658 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 13280 ft MSL (8003 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +9.9
K index......................... -9.9
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -66.6 -87.9 275 39 20 2.7 1.5 M M M M M
45000 -62.6 -80.7 265 46 24 2.5 1.3 M M M M M
40000 -58.6 -73.5 255 71 37 5.8 3.2 M M M M M
38000 -54.7 -66.5 255 64 33 6.4 3.5 M M M M M
36000 -50.8 -59.4 260 58 30 6.5 3.5 M M M M M
34000 -46.1 -51.0 260 53 27 8.7 4.8 M M M M M
32000 -40.9 -41.6 260 48 25 8.7 4.8 M M M M M
30000 -35.7 -32.3 260 45 23 8.5 4.7 40.7 105.3 18.6 M M
29000 -32.5 -26.5 260 43 22 8.5 4.7 40.2 104.3 18.5 M M
28000 -30.0 -22.0 260 42 22 8.0 4.4 39.8 103.7 18.4 M M
27000 -27.8 -18.0 255 40 21 7.2 4.0 38.8 101.8 17.8 M M
26000 -25.7 -14.3 255 38 20 7.2 4.0 37.8 100.0 17.2 M M
25000 -23.5 -10.3 250 37 19 7.1 3.9 36.9 98.5 16.7 M M
24000 -21.1 -6.0 250 36 18 8.3 4.6 36.2 97.2 16.3 M M
23000 -18.7 -1.7 255 35 18 8.3 4.6 35.7 96.3 16.0 M M
22000 -16.2 2.8 255 34 17 8.3 4.6 35.3 95.5 15.8 M M
21000 -13.7 7.3 260 32 17 8.4 4.6 34.7 94.5 15.6 M M
20000 -11.1 12.0 265 31 16 8.4 4.6 34.2 93.6 15.4 M M
19500 -9.9 14.2 265 30 15 8.5 4.7 34.0 93.3 15.3 M M
19000 -8.7 16.3 265 29 15 7.4 4.0 33.8 92.8 15.1 M M
18500 -7.6 18.3 265 28 14 7.2 3.9 33.3 92.0 14.8 M M
18000 -6.5 20.3 265 27 14 7.1 3.9 32.9 91.2 14.5 M M
17500 -5.5 22.1 265 25 13 6.7 3.7 32.4 90.3 14.2 M M
17000 -4.4 24.1 265 24 12 6.8 3.7 31.9 89.4 13.8 M M
16500 -3.4 25.9 265 23 12 6.8 3.7 31.4 88.5 13.5 M M
16000 -2.4 27.7 265 21 11 6.8 3.7 30.9 87.6 13.1 M M
15500 -1.4 29.5 265 20 10 6.9 3.8 30.4 86.7 12.7 M M
15000 -0.4 31.3 265 19 10 6.9 3.8 29.9 85.9 12.3 M M
14500 0.7 33.3 265 18 10 6.9 3.8 29.5 85.0 12.0 M M
14000 2.1 35.8 260 18 9 6.5 3.6 28.7 83.6 11.3 M M
13500 3.0 37.4 255 17 9 6.2 3.4 28.2 82.7 10.9 M M
13000 3.9 39.0 250 18 9 5.9 3.2 27.5 81.5 10.3 M M
12500 4.7 40.5 240 18 9 5.5 3.0 26.9 80.4 9.7 M M
12000 5.4 41.7 235 18 10 4.5 2.5 26.1 78.9 9.0 M M
11500 6.0 42.8 225 19 10 4.4 2.4 25.3 77.5 8.2 M M
11000 6.6 43.9 220 19 10 3.7 2.0 24.3 75.8 7.3 M M
10500 7.1 44.8 215 20 10 2.7 1.5 23.4 74.1 6.4 M M
10250 7.2 45.0 215 20 10 -0.1 -0.0 22.7 72.8 5.8 M M
10000 7.1 44.8 210 19 10 0.4 0.2 21.9 71.4 5.1 M M
9750 7.3 45.1 210 19 10 2.2 1.2 21.3 70.3 4.4 M M
9500 7.4 45.3 205 18 9 -0.2 -0.1 20.6 69.1 3.8 M M
9250 7.2 45.0 205 17 9 -2.7 -1.5 19.7 67.5 2.9 M M
9000 7.0 44.6 205 16 8 -3.0 -1.6 18.7 65.7 2.0 M M
8750 6.7 44.1 205 15 8 -4.4 -2.4 17.7 63.8 1.0 M M
8500 6.3 43.3 205 14 7 -4.7 -2.6 16.6 61.8 -0.1 282 1.4
8250 6.0 42.8 200 13 7 -4.2 -2.3 15.5 59.8 -1.2 285 1.4
8000 5.6 42.1 200 12 6 -4.5 -2.5 14.4 57.9 -2.3 288 1.5
7750 5.3 41.5 195 11 6 -4.0 -2.2 13.3 55.9 -3.4 291 1.5
7500 5.0 41.0 185 10 5 -2.0 -1.1 12.3 54.1 -4.4 292 1.5
7250 4.9 40.8 180 9 5 -1.1 -0.6 11.4 52.6 -5.2 288 1.5
7000 4.8 40.6 170 9 5 -1.1 -0.6 10.6 51.1 -6.1 284 1.4
6750 4.8 40.6 165 9 4 1.6 0.9 9.9 49.8 -6.8 277 1.4
6500 5.0 41.0 155 8 4 2.7 1.5 9.3 48.8 -7.4 263 1.3
6250 5.1 41.2 150 8 4 2.0 1.1 8.7 47.7 -8.0 252 1.3
6000 5.3 41.5 140 8 4 2.0 1.1 8.2 46.7 -8.6 240 1.2
5750 5.4 41.7 140 7 4 -0.1 -0.0 7.5 45.5 -9.3 230 1.2
5500 5.2 41.4 140 5 3 -2.7 -1.5 6.7 44.0 -10.1 226 1.1
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
11/03/2025 at 0800 MST | 11/03/2025 at 1100 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +6.9 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.4
CINH... 0.0 K Index... -6.2 | CINH... -0.1 K Index... +1.8
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -65.4 -85.7 270 36 19 2.6 1.4 | -64.7 -84.5 265 35 18 3.1 1.7
45000 -61.6 -78.9 255 45 23 1.6 0.9 | -60.5 -76.9 255 47 24 0.7 0.4
40000 -59.2 -74.6 250 67 34 5.0 2.8 | -59.4 -74.9 245 68 35 4.0 2.2
38000 -55.2 -67.4 250 62 32 6.7 3.7 | -55.3 -67.5 250 67 35 6.9 3.8
36000 -51.1 -60.0 255 57 29 6.7 3.7 | -51.2 -60.2 250 66 34 6.9 3.8
34000 -46.4 -51.5 255 53 27 8.5 4.6 | -46.3 -51.3 250 64 33 8.9 4.9
32000 -41.3 -42.3 250 51 26 8.5 4.7 | -41.0 -41.8 245 60 31 8.9 4.9
30000 -35.8 -32.4 250 47 24 8.1 4.5 | -35.7 -32.3 245 54 28 7.1 3.9
29000 -33.3 -27.9 250 45 23 8.1 4.5 | -33.6 -28.5 245 51 26 7.1 3.9
28000 -30.9 -23.6 250 43 22 7.9 4.3 | -31.5 -24.7 245 47 24 7.2 3.9
27000 -28.7 -19.7 245 42 21 7.4 4.0 | -29.2 -20.6 245 46 23 7.5 4.1
26000 -26.5 -15.7 245 41 21 7.4 4.1 | -27.0 -16.6 245 44 23 7.5 4.1
25000 -24.3 -11.7 245 40 20 7.3 4.0 | -24.8 -12.6 245 43 22 7.5 4.1
24000 -21.9 -7.4 245 37 19 8.4 4.6 | -22.4 -8.3 245 41 21 8.2 4.5
23000 -19.4 -2.9 250 35 18 8.4 4.6 | -20.0 -4.0 245 39 20 8.2 4.5
22000 -16.9 1.6 250 33 17 8.4 4.6 | -17.5 0.5 245 37 19 8.2 4.5
21000 -14.4 6.1 255 31 16 8.3 4.6 | -15.0 5.0 250 35 18 8.4 4.6
20000 -11.9 10.6 255 29 15 8.3 4.6 | -12.5 9.5 250 33 17 8.4 4.6
19500 -10.6 12.9 255 28 14 8.3 4.6 | -11.3 11.7 250 31 16 8.4 4.6
19000 -9.4 15.1 255 27 14 8.1 4.4 | -10.0 14.0 250 30 16 8.2 4.5
18500 -8.2 17.2 255 26 13 8.0 4.4 | -8.8 16.2 250 30 15 8.1 4.5
18000 -7.0 19.4 255 25 13 7.9 4.3 | -7.6 18.3 250 29 15 8.1 4.5
17500 -5.8 21.6 255 24 13 7.3 4.0 | -6.4 20.5 250 28 14 8.0 4.4
17000 -4.7 23.5 255 24 12 7.4 4.0 | -5.2 22.6 250 27 14 8.0 4.4
16500 -3.6 25.5 255 23 12 6.9 3.8 | -3.4 25.9 250 27 14 7.9 4.3
16000 -2.1 28.2 255 22 11 6.9 3.8 | -2.2 28.0 250 26 13 7.9 4.4
15500 -1.1 30.0 255 21 11 6.9 3.8 | -1.1 30.0 250 25 13 7.2 4.0
15000 -0.1 31.8 250 20 10 6.9 3.8 | -0.0 32.0 250 24 13 7.2 3.9
14500 0.9 33.6 250 19 10 6.8 3.7 | 1.1 34.0 250 24 12 7.2 4.0
14000 1.9 35.4 245 19 10 6.7 3.7 | 2.1 35.8 250 23 12 7.2 4.0
13500 2.9 37.2 245 18 9 6.3 3.5 | 3.2 37.8 245 22 11 7.1 3.9
13000 3.8 38.8 240 18 9 5.8 3.2 | 4.2 39.6 240 22 11 6.9 3.8
12500 4.6 40.3 235 18 10 5.4 3.0 | 5.3 41.5 240 22 11 6.8 3.7
12000 5.3 41.5 230 19 10 4.2 2.3 | 6.2 43.2 235 22 11 6.3 3.4
11500 5.9 42.6 225 20 10 4.0 2.2 | 7.1 44.8 230 22 11 6.1 3.4
11000 6.3 43.3 215 21 11 2.8 1.5 | 7.9 46.2 225 22 11 4.8 2.6
10500 6.7 44.1 210 21 11 2.4 1.3 | 8.6 47.5 220 22 11 4.2 2.3
10250 6.8 44.2 205 22 11 0.7 0.4 | 8.8 47.8 220 22 11 1.4 0.8
10000 6.9 44.4 205 22 12 1.7 0.9 | 8.9 48.0 220 22 11 1.8 1.0
9750 7.1 44.8 200 22 11 3.7 2.0 | 9.1 48.4 215 21 11 3.6 2.0
9500 7.3 45.1 200 21 11 1.7 1.0 | 9.3 48.7 215 21 11 2.2 1.2
9250 7.3 45.1 195 21 11 -0.4 -0.2 | 9.4 48.9 210 20 10 0.4 0.2
9000 7.3 45.1 195 21 11 -0.5 -0.3 | 9.4 48.9 210 20 10 -1.2 -0.7
8750 7.3 45.1 190 20 10 0.5 0.3 | 9.2 48.6 210 19 10 -2.1 -1.2
8500 7.3 45.1 190 19 10 -1.1 -0.6 | 9.0 48.2 205 17 9 -3.2 -1.8
8250 7.1 44.8 185 18 9 -2.8 -1.5 | 8.7 47.7 200 16 8 -4.4 -2.4
8000 6.9 44.4 185 17 9 -2.4 -1.3 | 8.4 47.1 200 14 7 -4.3 -2.4
7750 6.6 43.9 185 16 8 -3.8 -2.1 | 8.0 46.4 195 13 7 -3.9 -2.2
7500 6.3 43.3 180 15 8 -3.1 -1.7 | 7.8 46.0 190 12 6 -1.2 -0.7
7250 6.1 43.0 175 14 7 -1.7 -0.9 | 7.8 46.0 185 10 5 0.9 0.5
7000 6.0 42.8 175 14 7 -1.9 -1.0 | 7.8 46.0 180 9 5 -0.6 -0.3
6750 5.8 42.4 170 14 7 -2.6 -1.4 | 7.9 46.2 170 8 4 4.4 2.4
6500 5.6 42.1 160 12 6 -1.5 -0.8 | 8.5 47.3 165 7 3 9.8 5.4
6250 5.6 42.1 155 12 6 0.4 0.2 | 9.2 48.6 165 6 3 9.6 5.3
6000 5.6 42.1 145 11 6 -1.2 -0.7 | 9.9 49.8 165 6 3 8.8 4.8
5750 5.5 41.9 145 10 5 0.5 0.3 | 10.6 51.1 170 5 2 12.7 7.0
5500 5.8 42.4 140 7 4 6.4 3.5 | 11.9 53.4 170 4 2 22.0 12.1
11/03/2025 at 1400 MST | 11/03/2025 at 1700 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.6 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +2.7
CINH... 0.0 K Index... +10.9 | CINH... -0.4 K Index... +15.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -64.5 -84.1 260 40 20 2.6 1.4 | -64.6 -84.3 265 42 21 1.6 0.9
45000 -60.9 -77.6 255 52 27 1.1 0.6 | -62.0 -79.6 260 51 26 2.8 1.5
40000 -59.0 -74.2 250 71 36 4.5 2.4 | -57.6 -71.7 245 64 33 4.8 2.6
38000 -54.8 -66.6 250 70 36 7.1 3.9 | -53.8 -64.8 245 67 34 6.3 3.5
36000 -50.5 -58.9 245 70 36 7.1 3.9 | -50.0 -58.0 245 70 36 6.3 3.5
34000 -45.6 -50.1 245 68 35 8.7 4.8 | -45.4 -49.7 245 69 36 8.5 4.7
32000 -40.3 -40.5 245 65 34 8.7 4.8 | -40.3 -40.5 250 67 35 8.5 4.7
30000 -35.4 -31.7 245 62 32 8.0 4.4 | -35.5 -31.9 250 65 33 7.5 4.1
29000 -33.0 -27.4 245 61 31 8.0 4.4 | -33.3 -27.9 250 64 33 7.5 4.1
28000 -30.0 -22.0 245 59 30 7.9 4.3 | -30.5 -22.9 250 63 32 7.5 4.1
27000 -28.4 -19.1 240 55 28 5.1 2.8 | -28.2 -18.8 250 60 31 7.5 4.1
26000 -26.8 -16.2 240 50 26 5.2 2.8 | -26.0 -14.8 250 56 29 7.5 4.1
25000 -25.3 -13.5 235 46 24 5.0 2.7 | -23.8 -10.8 250 53 27 7.6 4.1
24000 -23.0 -9.4 235 43 22 8.9 4.9 | -21.6 -6.9 250 49 25 7.1 3.9
23000 -20.4 -4.7 240 42 21 9.0 4.9 | -19.4 -2.9 250 45 23 7.1 3.9
22000 -17.7 0.1 240 40 21 9.0 5.0 | -17.3 0.9 250 41 21 7.0 3.9
21000 -15.2 4.6 240 40 20 8.2 4.5 | -15.2 4.6 250 42 22 7.3 4.0
20000 -12.7 9.1 245 40 21 8.2 4.5 | -13.0 8.6 250 45 23 7.3 4.0
19500 -11.5 11.3 245 40 21 8.2 4.5 | -11.9 10.6 250 46 24 7.3 4.0
19000 -10.3 13.5 245 40 21 8.0 4.4 | -10.8 12.6 250 48 25 6.7 3.7
18500 -9.1 15.6 245 40 20 7.9 4.3 | -9.9 14.2 250 47 24 6.2 3.4
18000 -7.9 17.8 245 39 20 7.9 4.4 | -9.1 15.6 250 47 24 6.2 3.4
17500 -6.8 19.8 250 38 20 7.6 4.2 | -8.1 17.4 250 46 24 7.1 3.9
17000 -5.7 21.7 250 37 19 7.6 4.2 | -7.1 19.2 250 44 23 7.1 3.9
16500 -4.5 23.9 250 36 18 7.7 4.2 | -6.1 21.0 250 42 22 7.4 4.1
16000 -3.4 25.9 250 34 17 7.8 4.3 | -5.0 23.0 250 40 20 7.7 4.2
15500 -2.3 27.9 255 32 16 7.9 4.3 | -3.9 25.0 250 38 19 7.8 4.3
15000 -1.0 30.2 255 30 16 8.4 4.6 | -2.6 27.3 255 36 18 8.4 4.6
14500 0.2 32.4 255 29 15 8.4 4.6 | -1.4 29.5 255 33 17 8.4 4.6
14000 1.4 34.5 255 28 14 8.3 4.5 | 0.6 33.1 255 30 15 8.9 4.9
13500 3.3 37.9 260 25 13 8.2 4.5 | 1.9 35.4 255 28 14 9.0 4.9
13000 4.5 40.1 260 23 12 8.1 4.4 | 3.2 37.8 255 25 13 9.3 5.1
12500 5.7 42.3 260 21 11 8.0 4.4 | 4.6 40.3 255 23 12 9.2 5.1
12000 6.8 44.2 260 20 10 7.1 3.9 | 5.9 42.6 255 21 11 8.5 4.7
11500 7.9 46.2 260 18 9 7.1 3.9 | 7.2 45.0 260 19 10 8.6 4.7
11000 8.8 47.8 255 17 9 5.4 3.0 | 8.4 47.1 260 18 9 7.1 3.9
10500 9.6 49.3 250 16 8 5.2 2.9 | 9.4 48.9 260 16 8 6.7 3.7
10250 9.9 49.8 250 16 8 2.1 1.2 | 9.8 49.6 260 15 8 2.8 1.5
10000 10.0 50.0 245 16 8 2.4 1.3 | 10.0 50.0 260 15 8 4.5 2.5
9750 10.3 50.5 245 15 8 4.6 2.5 | 10.5 50.9 260 14 7 8.2 4.5
9500 10.6 51.1 240 15 8 3.5 1.9 | 11.1 52.0 260 13 7 7.0 3.8
9250 10.7 51.3 235 14 7 0.9 0.5 | 11.5 52.7 260 12 6 3.3 1.8
9000 10.7 51.3 230 13 7 -1.1 -0.6 | 11.6 52.9 260 11 6 1.6 0.9
8750 10.6 51.1 225 12 6 -1.0 -0.6 | 11.8 53.2 260 10 5 3.3 1.8
8500 10.5 50.9 220 10 5 -1.1 -0.6 | 12.0 53.6 260 9 5 2.2 1.2
8250 10.4 50.7 215 8 4 -1.2 -0.7 | 12.1 53.8 255 8 4 0.4 0.2
8000 10.3 50.5 205 7 4 -1.1 -0.6 | 12.1 53.8 255 7 4 -0.7 -0.4
7750 10.2 50.4 195 6 3 -1.5 -0.8 | 12.0 53.6 250 6 3 -2.4 -1.3
7500 10.1 50.2 175 4 2 -0.4 -0.2 | 11.8 53.2 250 5 3 -1.8 -1.0
7250 10.1 50.2 170 3 2 0.8 0.5 | 11.7 53.1 240 4 2 0.0 0.0
7000 10.2 50.4 165 2 1 0.2 0.1 | 11.7 53.1 230 3 2 -0.1 -0.1
6750 10.2 50.4 150 1 0 1.6 0.9 | 11.7 53.1 215 3 2 -0.8 -0.4
6500 10.5 50.9 355 1 0 6.4 3.5 | 11.6 52.9 200 3 1 1.7 0.9
6250 11.1 52.0 340 1 1 8.0 4.4 | 11.9 53.4 205 2 1 3.8 2.1
6000 11.6 52.9 335 2 1 9.3 5.1 | 12.2 54.0 220 2 1 3.9 2.1
5750 12.5 54.5 330 2 1 12.5 6.9 | 12.4 54.3 245 1 1 1.9 1.0
5500 13.4 56.1 325 2 1 11.8 6.5 | 12.3 54.1 270 1 1 -5.4 -3.0
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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