Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
787
UXUS97 KBOU 161222
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
0521 MST Sunday, November 16, 2025
This forecast is for Sunday, November 16, 2025:
If the trigger temperature of 69.5 F/20.8 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Fair
Maximum rate of lift........................ 265 ft/min (1.3 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 9128 ft MSL (3814 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 69.0 F/21.0 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1445 MST
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 7088 ft MSL (1774 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Monday 11/17....... Fair
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1700 MST)......... Little change
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1700 MST)................ Neither
Potential height of wave....................... 17606 ft MSL (12292 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Monday 11/17.......... Good
Remarks... Quiet today, turning windy tonight into Monday
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:45:55 / 16:42:43 MST
Total possible sunshine........... 9 hr 56 min 48 sec (596 min 48 sec)
Altitude of sun at 11:44:19 MST... 31.18 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 11/16/2025 at 0500 MST
Freezing level.................. 12883 ft MSL (7569 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 18055 ft MSL (12741 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 15325 ft MSL (10011 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +5.4
K index......................... +13.2
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -64.4 -83.9 255 38 19 2.0 1.1 M M M M M
45000 -61.3 -78.3 260 43 22 1.8 1.0 M M M M M
40000 -58.6 -73.5 265 50 26 1.1 0.6 M M M M M
38000 -54.9 -66.8 260 52 27 6.9 3.8 M M M M M
36000 -50.8 -59.4 255 54 28 6.9 3.8 M M M M M
34000 -46.3 -51.3 250 54 28 8.2 4.5 M M M M M
32000 -41.4 -42.5 250 53 27 8.2 4.5 M M M M M
30000 -36.0 -32.8 250 48 25 7.6 4.2 39.8 103.7 14.6 M M
29000 -33.8 -28.8 245 44 23 7.6 4.2 39.0 102.1 14.1 M M
28000 -31.5 -24.7 245 41 21 7.6 4.2 38.2 100.8 13.7 M M
27000 -29.3 -20.7 245 37 19 7.3 4.0 37.3 99.2 13.1 M M
26000 -27.1 -16.8 245 34 18 7.3 4.0 36.3 97.3 12.5 M M
25000 -25.0 -13.0 250 31 16 7.3 4.0 35.4 95.8 11.9 M M
24000 -22.8 -9.0 250 28 15 7.2 3.9 34.5 94.2 11.3 M M
23000 -20.6 -5.1 250 27 14 7.2 4.0 33.5 92.4 10.6 M M
22000 -18.5 -1.3 255 25 13 7.2 3.9 32.7 90.8 10.0 M M
21000 -16.4 2.5 255 24 12 6.6 3.6 31.7 89.0 9.3 M M
20000 -14.4 6.1 250 22 11 6.6 3.6 30.5 86.9 8.4 M M
19500 -13.4 7.9 250 21 11 6.6 3.6 30.0 86.0 8.0 M M
19000 -12.4 9.7 250 20 10 6.7 3.7 29.5 85.1 7.6 M M
18500 -11.5 11.3 245 19 10 6.0 3.3 28.9 84.0 7.2 M M
18000 -10.6 12.9 245 18 9 6.1 3.3 28.3 82.9 6.6 M M
17500 -9.7 14.5 245 17 9 6.2 3.4 27.7 81.8 6.1 M M
17000 -8.8 16.2 250 16 8 6.4 3.5 27.1 80.7 5.6 M M
16500 -7.4 18.7 250 14 7 6.5 3.6 26.2 79.2 4.8 M M
16000 -6.5 20.3 255 12 6 6.7 3.6 25.7 78.2 4.3 M M
15500 -5.5 22.1 260 11 6 6.8 3.7 25.2 77.3 3.8 M M
15000 -4.5 23.9 265 10 5 7.2 3.9 24.7 76.5 3.4 M M
14500 -3.5 25.7 270 9 4 7.2 3.9 24.3 75.7 3.0 M M
14000 -2.4 27.7 275 8 4 7.8 4.3 23.9 75.1 2.6 M M
13500 -1.3 29.7 285 7 4 7.7 4.2 23.6 74.5 2.3 M M
13000 -0.1 31.8 295 7 3 8.1 4.4 23.3 73.9 2.0 M M
12500 1.1 34.0 300 7 3 8.1 4.4 23.0 73.4 1.7 M M
12000 2.3 36.1 305 6 3 8.2 4.5 22.7 72.9 1.5 M M
11500 3.5 38.3 305 6 3 8.3 4.5 22.5 72.5 1.3 M M
11000 4.6 40.3 310 6 3 6.9 3.8 22.2 72.0 1.0 M M
10500 5.6 42.1 315 7 3 5.5 3.0 21.7 71.1 0.5 M M
10250 6.1 43.0 315 7 4 11.3 6.2 21.5 70.7 0.3 M M
10000 7.2 45.0 315 7 4 12.1 6.7 21.8 71.3 0.6 M M
9750 7.8 46.0 315 8 4 6.6 3.6 21.7 71.0 0.5 M M
9500 8.4 47.1 315 8 4 8.8 4.8 21.5 70.8 0.3 M M
9250 9.0 48.2 315 8 4 5.4 3.0 21.4 70.5 0.2 M M
9000 9.3 48.7 315 9 5 5.0 2.8 21.0 69.7 -0.2 256 1.3
8750 9.8 49.6 315 10 5 7.7 4.2 20.7 69.3 -0.4 233 1.2
8500 10.3 50.5 320 10 5 7.6 4.1 20.6 69.0 -0.6 209 1.1
8250 10.9 51.6 320 10 5 6.0 3.3 20.4 68.7 -0.8 186 0.9
8000 11.2 52.2 320 11 6 4.0 2.2 20.0 67.9 -1.2 168 0.9
7750 11.5 52.7 320 11 6 4.3 2.4 19.5 67.2 -1.6 151 0.8
7500 11.8 53.2 320 11 6 4.1 2.3 19.1 66.4 -2.0 134 0.7
7250 12.1 53.8 320 11 5 2.3 1.3 18.6 65.5 -2.5 119 0.6
7000 12.2 54.0 320 11 5 0.9 0.5 18.0 64.4 -3.1 109 0.6
6750 12.3 54.1 320 10 5 1.0 0.5 17.3 63.2 -3.8 99 0.5
6500 12.2 54.0 325 9 4 -3.0 -1.6 16.6 61.8 -4.6 93 0.5
6250 11.8 53.2 325 7 4 -7.7 -4.3 15.4 59.7 -5.8 99 0.5
6000 11.2 52.2 320 6 3 -7.7 -4.2 14.0 57.2 -7.1 110 0.6
5750 10.6 51.1 315 5 2 -9.7 -5.3 12.7 54.8 -8.5 121 0.6
5500 9.4 48.9 285 2 1 -25.2 -13.8 10.8 51.4 -10.4 149 0.8
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
11/16/2025 at 0800 MST | 11/16/2025 at 1100 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.8 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.7
CINH... -0.0 K Index... +11.0 | CINH... -0.0 K Index... +12.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -64.0 -83.2 255 38 19 1.2 0.7 | -63.2 -81.8 250 37 19 1.0 0.5
45000 -62.1 -79.8 255 41 21 2.3 1.3 | -61.7 -79.1 250 37 19 1.7 0.9
40000 -58.5 -73.3 255 44 23 1.8 1.0 | -59.1 -74.4 240 46 24 1.0 0.6
38000 -54.8 -66.6 255 48 25 6.8 3.7 | -55.3 -67.5 240 46 24 7.2 4.0
36000 -50.7 -59.3 255 52 27 6.8 3.7 | -51.0 -59.8 240 47 24 7.2 4.0
34000 -46.1 -51.0 255 54 28 8.4 4.6 | -46.3 -51.3 240 48 25 8.4 4.6
32000 -41.1 -42.0 255 54 28 8.4 4.6 | -41.3 -42.3 240 51 26 8.4 4.6
30000 -36.0 -32.8 250 51 26 6.6 3.6 | -36.4 -33.5 240 51 26 7.8 4.3
29000 -34.0 -29.2 245 49 25 6.6 3.6 | -34.1 -29.4 240 50 26 7.8 4.3
28000 -32.0 -25.6 245 46 24 6.6 3.6 | -31.1 -24.0 240 48 25 7.7 4.2
27000 -30.0 -22.0 240 44 23 7.2 3.9 | -29.1 -20.4 240 46 24 6.0 3.3
26000 -27.8 -18.0 240 41 21 7.2 3.9 | -27.3 -17.1 235 45 23 6.0 3.3
25000 -25.7 -14.3 240 38 20 7.2 4.0 | -25.6 -14.1 235 43 22 6.0 3.3
24000 -23.5 -10.3 235 35 18 7.7 4.2 | -23.6 -10.5 235 41 21 7.9 4.4
23000 -21.2 -6.2 235 32 17 7.7 4.2 | -21.3 -6.3 235 38 19 7.8 4.3
22000 -18.9 -2.0 235 29 15 7.7 4.2 | -19.0 -2.2 230 34 18 7.7 4.2
21000 -16.8 1.8 235 26 14 6.8 3.7 | -16.8 1.8 230 31 16 6.7 3.7
20000 -14.7 5.5 240 24 12 6.8 3.7 | -14.8 5.4 235 29 15 6.8 3.7
19500 -13.7 7.3 240 23 12 6.8 3.7 | -13.8 7.2 235 27 14 6.8 3.7
19000 -12.7 9.1 240 21 11 6.8 3.7 | -12.8 9.0 235 26 13 6.9 3.8
18500 -11.7 10.9 240 20 11 6.5 3.6 | -11.9 10.6 235 25 13 6.0 3.3
18000 -10.7 12.7 240 19 10 6.5 3.6 | -11.0 12.2 235 23 12 6.0 3.3
17500 -9.7 14.5 245 18 10 6.1 3.3 | -10.1 13.8 235 22 11 6.0 3.3
17000 -8.9 16.0 245 17 9 5.6 3.1 | -9.2 15.4 240 20 10 6.0 3.3
16500 -8.1 17.4 245 16 8 5.6 3.1 | -8.3 17.1 240 18 9 6.0 3.3
16000 -6.8 19.8 245 14 7 6.2 3.4 | -7.4 18.7 240 16 8 6.1 3.3
15500 -5.9 21.4 245 12 6 6.3 3.5 | -6.5 20.3 240 15 8 6.1 3.3
15000 -5.0 23.0 245 10 5 6.6 3.6 | -5.6 21.9 240 13 7 6.7 3.7
14500 -4.0 24.8 245 8 4 6.6 3.6 | -4.1 24.6 235 11 5 6.8 3.7
14000 -3.0 26.6 250 7 3 7.6 4.2 | -3.1 26.4 230 9 5 7.2 4.0
13500 -1.9 28.6 250 5 3 7.5 4.1 | -2.1 28.2 225 8 4 7.2 3.9
13000 -0.8 30.6 260 4 2 7.9 4.3 | -1.0 30.2 220 7 4 7.8 4.3
12500 0.4 32.7 275 3 2 7.9 4.3 | 0.1 32.2 215 6 3 7.8 4.3
12000 1.6 34.9 295 3 2 8.0 4.4 | 1.3 34.3 215 6 3 8.1 4.4
11500 2.7 36.9 305 4 2 8.0 4.4 | 2.5 36.5 215 5 2 8.2 4.5
11000 3.9 39.0 310 5 3 6.7 3.7 | 3.7 38.7 220 4 2 6.8 3.7
10500 4.8 40.6 315 7 3 5.5 3.0 | 4.6 40.3 235 3 2 5.3 2.9
10250 5.3 41.5 315 7 4 10.1 5.6 | 5.1 41.2 245 3 2 10.6 5.8
10000 6.2 43.2 310 9 5 10.7 5.9 | 6.1 43.0 270 3 2 11.5 6.3
9750 6.8 44.2 310 10 5 6.3 3.4 | 6.7 44.1 275 4 2 6.6 3.6
9500 7.3 45.1 310 11 6 8.0 4.4 | 7.2 45.0 285 4 2 8.5 4.7
9250 7.8 46.0 310 12 6 5.5 3.0 | 7.8 46.0 290 5 2 5.9 3.2
9000 8.2 46.8 310 11 6 5.7 3.1 | 8.2 46.8 290 5 2 6.4 3.5
8750 8.7 47.7 310 11 6 8.1 4.4 | 8.8 47.8 290 4 2 8.8 4.8
8500 9.3 48.7 310 11 6 8.0 4.4 | 9.4 48.9 295 4 2 8.6 4.7
8250 9.9 49.8 310 11 6 6.6 3.6 | 10.0 50.0 300 4 2 6.9 3.8
8000 10.3 50.5 315 11 6 5.0 2.8 | 10.5 50.9 305 4 2 5.6 3.1
7750 10.7 51.3 315 10 5 6.0 3.3 | 11.0 51.8 310 3 2 7.5 4.1
7500 11.2 52.2 315 10 5 5.9 3.2 | 11.5 52.7 315 3 2 8.2 4.5
7250 11.5 52.7 315 9 5 3.3 1.8 | 12.1 53.8 320 3 2 4.9 2.7
7000 11.7 53.1 315 8 4 1.5 0.8 | 12.3 54.1 325 2 1 2.4 1.3
6750 11.8 53.2 320 8 4 3.1 1.7 | 12.6 54.7 335 1 1 6.6 3.6
6500 12.0 53.6 320 6 3 0.1 0.0 | 13.2 55.8 345 1 1 7.9 4.3
6250 11.8 53.2 310 5 3 -4.6 -2.5 | 13.7 56.7 000 0 0 6.2 3.4
6000 11.4 52.5 300 4 2 -4.8 -2.6 | 14.2 57.6 135 1 0 5.5 3.0
5750 11.1 52.0 275 3 2 -4.7 -2.6 | 14.6 58.3 145 2 1 8.3 4.6
5500 10.4 50.7 240 3 2 -15.2 -8.3 | 15.5 59.9 150 1 1 17.0 9.3
11/16/2025 at 1400 MST | 11/16/2025 at 1700 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +2.3 | CAPE... +0.2 LI... +0.9
CINH... -0.2 K Index... +18.1 | CINH... -10.2 K Index... +21.2
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -62.7 -80.9 240 38 20 0.7 0.4 | -61.9 -79.4 240 36 18 0.5 0.3
45000 -61.6 -78.9 235 44 23 1.2 0.7 | -61.1 -78.0 230 50 26 1.4 0.8
40000 -59.8 -75.6 220 48 25 1.4 0.7 | -59.0 -74.2 215 50 26 1.5 0.8
38000 -56.1 -69.0 220 49 25 7.8 4.3 | -55.9 -68.6 215 52 27 6.7 3.7
36000 -51.4 -60.5 220 49 25 7.8 4.3 | -51.9 -61.4 210 55 28 6.7 3.6
34000 -46.0 -50.8 220 51 26 8.1 4.5 | -47.5 -53.5 210 56 29 8.4 4.6
32000 -41.2 -42.2 225 52 27 8.1 4.5 | -41.9 -43.4 210 56 29 8.4 4.6
30000 -36.4 -33.5 225 52 27 7.6 4.2 | -37.0 -34.6 210 55 28 7.7 4.2
29000 -34.1 -29.4 225 50 26 7.6 4.2 | -34.7 -30.5 210 54 28 7.7 4.2
28000 -31.8 -25.2 225 49 25 7.6 4.2 | -32.4 -26.3 210 53 27 7.7 4.2
27000 -29.7 -21.5 225 47 24 6.0 3.3 | -30.3 -22.5 215 52 27 5.6 3.1
26000 -27.9 -18.2 225 46 24 6.2 3.4 | -28.5 -19.3 215 49 25 5.8 3.2
25000 -26.0 -14.8 225 44 23 6.2 3.4 | -26.8 -16.2 215 46 24 5.8 3.2
24000 -24.1 -11.4 225 42 22 7.0 3.9 | -25.0 -13.0 215 43 22 6.7 3.7
23000 -22.0 -7.6 225 38 20 7.1 3.9 | -22.9 -9.2 220 40 20 7.1 3.9
22000 -19.9 -3.8 230 35 18 7.2 3.9 | -20.8 -5.4 220 36 18 7.1 3.9
21000 -17.8 -0.0 230 31 16 6.8 3.7 | -18.7 -1.7 225 32 17 6.7 3.7
20000 -15.8 3.6 230 28 15 6.9 3.8 | -16.8 1.8 220 30 15 6.7 3.7
19500 -14.8 5.4 230 27 14 6.9 3.8 | -15.8 3.6 220 28 15 6.7 3.7
19000 -13.8 7.2 235 26 13 6.9 3.8 | -14.8 5.4 220 27 14 6.7 3.7
18500 -12.8 9.0 235 24 12 6.4 3.5 | -13.8 7.2 220 26 13 7.2 4.0
18000 -11.9 10.6 230 23 12 6.3 3.4 | -12.7 9.1 220 24 12 7.5 4.1
17500 -10.9 12.4 230 21 11 6.4 3.5 | -11.6 11.1 220 22 12 7.6 4.1
17000 -10.0 14.0 230 19 10 6.8 3.7 | -10.5 13.1 220 21 11 8.1 4.5
16500 -8.5 16.7 230 17 9 6.9 3.8 | -8.7 16.3 215 19 10 7.9 4.3
16000 -7.4 18.7 230 15 8 7.1 3.9 | -7.6 18.3 215 18 9 7.1 3.9
15500 -6.4 20.5 235 14 7 7.1 3.9 | -6.6 20.1 215 17 9 7.1 3.9
15000 -5.3 22.5 235 13 7 7.7 4.2 | -5.5 22.1 210 16 8 7.7 4.2
14500 -4.2 24.4 235 12 6 7.7 4.2 | -4.4 24.1 210 16 8 7.6 4.2
14000 -3.0 26.6 235 11 6 8.0 4.4 | -3.2 26.2 205 15 8 8.1 4.4
13500 -1.8 28.8 230 10 5 8.0 4.4 | -2.0 28.4 205 15 8 8.2 4.5
13000 -0.7 30.7 230 10 5 7.9 4.3 | -0.8 30.6 200 14 7 7.9 4.3
12500 0.5 32.9 225 9 5 7.9 4.3 | 0.3 32.5 195 14 7 7.8 4.3
12000 1.7 35.1 220 8 4 8.0 4.4 | 1.5 34.7 185 13 7 8.0 4.4
11500 2.9 37.2 210 7 4 8.0 4.4 | 2.7 36.9 180 13 7 8.2 4.5
11000 4.1 39.4 195 6 3 6.9 3.8 | 4.0 39.2 170 14 7 7.6 4.2
10500 5.0 41.0 190 5 3 5.0 2.8 | 5.0 41.0 165 14 7 6.1 3.4
10250 5.5 41.9 185 5 3 10.9 6.0 | 5.6 42.1 165 14 7 9.6 5.2
10000 6.5 43.7 165 5 2 12.2 6.7 | 6.4 43.5 160 14 7 10.5 5.8
9750 7.1 44.8 160 5 2 6.9 3.8 | 7.0 44.6 155 14 7 7.6 4.2
9500 7.7 45.9 150 5 2 9.1 5.0 | 7.6 45.7 155 14 7 7.6 4.2
9250 8.3 46.9 145 5 2 5.7 3.1 | 8.2 46.8 150 14 7 9.4 5.2
9000 8.7 47.7 145 5 2 6.1 3.3 | 9.0 48.2 145 14 7 9.6 5.3
8750 9.3 48.7 140 5 2 9.1 5.0 | 9.6 49.3 145 14 7 7.7 4.2
8500 9.9 49.8 135 5 3 8.6 4.7 | 10.2 50.4 140 14 7 8.3 4.6
8250 10.6 51.1 130 5 3 7.4 4.0 | 10.8 51.4 135 14 7 7.6 4.2
8000 11.0 51.8 125 5 3 6.7 3.7 | 11.3 52.3 135 15 7 7.0 3.8
7750 11.6 52.9 120 6 3 9.1 5.0 | 11.9 53.4 135 14 7 7.9 4.4
7500 12.4 54.3 115 5 3 10.4 5.7 | 12.5 54.5 130 14 7 8.9 4.9
7250 13.1 55.6 115 5 3 8.1 4.4 | 13.1 55.6 125 14 7 7.6 4.2
7000 13.6 56.5 110 6 3 6.3 3.4 | 13.6 56.5 125 15 8 6.2 3.4
6750 14.2 57.6 110 6 3 10.5 5.8 | 14.2 57.6 120 15 8 8.0 4.4
6500 15.1 59.2 110 5 3 12.4 6.8 | 14.8 58.6 120 14 7 9.7 5.3
6250 15.9 60.6 105 5 3 9.8 5.4 | 15.5 59.9 115 14 7 7.2 4.0
6000 16.6 61.9 105 5 3 8.7 4.8 | 15.9 60.6 110 13 7 5.4 2.9
5750 17.3 63.1 105 5 3 10.0 5.5 | 16.3 61.3 110 13 7 5.6 3.1
5500 18.2 64.8 105 5 2 14.4 7.9 | 16.6 61.9 105 10 5 -1.0 -0.5
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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