Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
640
UXUS97 KBOU 121320
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
0618 MST Wednesday, November 12, 2025
This forecast is for Wednesday, November 12, 2025:
If the trigger temperature of 67.6 F/19.8 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Fair
Maximum rate of lift........................ 287 ft/min (1.5 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 10539 ft MSL (5229 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 70.0 F/21.6 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1245 MST
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... Overcast thin high
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 7952 ft MSL (2642 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Thursday 11/13..... Good
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1700 MST)......... No change
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1700 MST)................ Weak NVA
Potential height of wave....................... 40310 ft MSL (35000 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Thursday 11/13........ Fair
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:41:21 / 16:45:57 MST
Total possible sunshine........... 10 hr 4 min 35 sec (604 min 35 sec)
Altitude of sun at 11:43:39 MST... 32.19 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 11/12/2025 at 0500 MST
Freezing level.................. 13192 ft MSL (7882 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 20306 ft MSL (14996 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 17150 ft MSL (11840 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +5.3
K index......................... +5.3
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -66.8 -88.2 305 45 23 0.7 0.4 M M M M M
45000 -65.1 -85.2 310 59 31 4.1 2.3 M M M M M
40000 -58.8 -73.8 305 67 34 3.9 2.2 M M M M M
38000 -55.2 -67.4 305 62 32 6.3 3.5 M M M M M
36000 -51.4 -60.5 300 57 30 6.3 3.5 M M M M M
34000 -46.6 -51.9 295 52 27 7.9 4.3 M M M M M
32000 -41.9 -43.4 290 49 25 7.8 4.3 M M M M M
30000 -37.3 -35.1 285 46 23 7.6 4.2 38.6 101.5 13.2 M M
29000 -35.0 -31.0 285 44 23 7.6 4.2 37.8 100.0 12.7 M M
28000 -32.7 -26.9 280 43 22 7.6 4.2 37.0 98.6 12.3 M M
27000 -30.6 -23.1 280 41 21 6.7 3.7 36.0 96.7 11.6 M M
26000 -28.6 -19.5 280 39 20 6.7 3.7 34.8 94.6 10.8 M M
25000 -26.6 -15.9 280 36 19 6.8 3.7 33.7 92.6 10.0 M M
24000 -24.5 -12.1 285 34 18 7.7 4.2 32.8 91.0 9.3 M M
23000 -22.2 -8.0 285 33 17 7.7 4.2 31.9 89.5 8.8 M M
22000 -19.9 -3.8 290 31 16 7.8 4.3 31.3 88.3 8.3 M M
21000 -17.5 0.5 290 30 15 8.2 4.5 30.6 87.2 7.8 M M
20000 -15.0 5.0 290 28 15 8.2 4.5 30.1 86.1 7.4 M M
19500 -13.8 7.2 290 28 14 8.2 4.5 29.8 85.7 7.3 M M
19000 -12.6 9.3 295 27 14 8.1 4.4 29.6 85.3 7.1 M M
18500 -11.4 11.5 295 26 14 7.5 4.1 29.3 84.7 6.8 M M
18000 -9.7 14.5 295 26 13 7.5 4.1 28.7 83.7 6.4 M M
17500 -8.7 16.3 295 25 13 7.2 4.0 28.3 82.9 6.0 M M
17000 -7.6 18.3 300 24 12 7.3 4.0 27.8 82.1 5.7 M M
16500 -6.5 20.3 300 23 12 6.9 3.8 27.4 81.3 5.3 M M
16000 -5.5 22.1 300 23 12 6.9 3.8 26.9 80.4 4.9 M M
15500 -4.5 23.9 300 22 11 6.7 3.7 26.4 79.6 4.5 M M
15000 -3.5 25.7 300 21 11 6.6 3.6 25.9 78.6 4.0 M M
14500 -2.5 27.5 300 21 11 6.6 3.6 25.4 77.7 3.6 M M
14000 -1.5 29.3 300 20 10 6.7 3.7 24.9 76.8 3.1 M M
13500 -0.5 31.1 300 20 10 6.7 3.7 24.4 75.9 2.7 M M
13000 0.5 32.9 300 19 10 6.7 3.7 23.9 75.0 2.2 M M
12500 1.5 34.7 300 18 9 6.7 3.7 23.4 74.1 1.8 M M
12000 2.5 36.5 300 18 9 6.8 3.7 22.9 73.2 1.3 M M
11500 3.5 38.3 300 17 9 6.8 3.7 22.4 72.3 0.9 M M
11000 4.5 40.1 300 16 8 6.8 3.8 21.9 71.5 0.4 M M
10500 5.5 41.9 300 15 8 7.1 3.9 21.5 70.7 -0.0 382 1.9
10250 5.9 42.6 300 14 7 3.0 1.7 21.2 70.1 -0.3 361 1.8
10000 6.1 43.0 300 14 7 4.7 2.6 20.6 69.0 -0.9 349 1.8
9750 6.7 44.1 300 13 7 9.4 5.1 20.5 68.8 -1.0 323 1.6
9500 7.3 45.1 300 12 6 8.0 4.4 20.3 68.6 -1.1 297 1.5
9250 7.9 46.2 300 12 6 5.0 2.7 20.1 68.3 -1.3 274 1.4
9000 8.2 46.8 300 11 6 4.5 2.5 19.7 67.4 -1.8 258 1.3
8750 8.6 47.5 300 10 5 7.5 4.1 19.4 66.9 -2.1 236 1.2
8500 9.2 48.6 300 9 5 6.8 3.7 19.2 66.6 -2.2 213 1.1
8250 9.6 49.3 300 9 4 5.2 2.9 18.9 66.1 -2.5 192 1.0
8000 10.0 50.0 305 8 4 4.9 2.7 18.6 65.4 -2.9 174 0.9
7750 10.4 50.7 305 8 4 7.3 4.0 18.3 64.9 -3.2 153 0.8
7500 11.0 51.8 305 7 3 5.7 3.1 18.1 64.5 -3.4 129 0.7
7250 11.2 52.2 310 7 3 2.7 1.5 17.6 63.7 -3.9 114 0.6
7000 11.5 52.7 310 7 3 3.4 1.9 17.1 62.8 -4.4 100 0.5
6750 11.7 53.1 310 6 3 3.5 1.9 16.6 61.9 -4.9 85 0.4
6500 11.9 53.4 305 5 3 -1.4 -0.8 16.0 60.8 -5.5 73 0.4
6250 11.5 52.7 300 4 2 -6.6 -3.6 14.9 58.8 -6.6 77 0.4
6000 11.1 52.0 290 4 2 -0.8 -0.4 13.8 56.8 -7.7 81 0.4
5750 10.8 51.4 280 3 2 -19.0 -10.4 12.7 54.9 -8.8 84 0.4
5500 7.7 45.9 250 3 1 -61.1 -33.5 8.9 48.0 -12.7 170 0.9
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
11/12/2025 at 0800 MST | 11/12/2025 at 1100 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +5.8 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +5.9
CINH... -0.2 K Index... +3.7 | CINH... -0.0 K Index... -0.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -67.3 -89.1 305 47 24 1.8 1.0 | -67.9 -90.2 300 46 24 2.6 1.4
45000 -64.3 -83.7 305 56 29 3.8 2.1 | -63.8 -82.8 295 53 28 3.6 2.0
40000 -58.2 -72.8 305 60 31 4.5 2.5 | -58.0 -72.4 300 61 31 4.7 2.6
38000 -54.4 -65.9 300 60 31 6.5 3.6 | -53.8 -64.8 295 60 31 7.2 3.9
36000 -50.5 -58.9 295 59 30 6.5 3.6 | -49.5 -57.1 295 59 30 7.2 4.0
34000 -46.2 -51.2 290 56 29 7.5 4.1 | -45.3 -49.5 290 57 29 6.8 3.7
32000 -41.8 -43.2 290 50 26 7.5 4.1 | -41.2 -42.2 285 53 27 6.8 3.7
30000 -37.3 -35.1 285 47 24 7.5 4.1 | -36.2 -33.2 280 49 25 7.8 4.3
29000 -34.5 -30.1 285 46 23 7.5 4.1 | -33.9 -29.0 280 47 24 7.8 4.3
28000 -32.3 -26.1 280 45 23 7.6 4.2 | -31.6 -24.9 275 45 23 8.0 4.4
27000 -30.2 -22.4 280 43 22 6.6 3.6 | -29.7 -21.5 275 43 22 5.7 3.1
26000 -28.2 -18.8 280 42 22 6.6 3.6 | -28.0 -18.4 275 41 21 5.7 3.1
25000 -26.3 -15.3 280 40 21 6.6 3.6 | -26.3 -15.3 275 40 20 5.8 3.2
24000 -24.2 -11.6 275 38 20 7.6 4.2 | -24.3 -11.7 270 38 20 8.0 4.4
23000 -21.9 -7.4 275 36 18 7.6 4.2 | -21.8 -7.2 270 37 19 8.1 4.4
22000 -19.6 -3.3 275 33 17 7.6 4.2 | -19.4 -2.9 270 35 18 8.1 4.4
21000 -17.2 1.0 270 31 16 8.3 4.5 | -17.0 1.4 265 33 17 7.9 4.3
20000 -14.7 5.5 270 29 15 8.3 4.5 | -14.7 5.5 265 32 16 7.9 4.3
19500 -13.5 7.7 270 29 15 8.3 4.5 | -13.5 7.7 265 31 16 7.9 4.3
19000 -12.3 9.9 270 28 14 8.0 4.4 | -12.3 9.9 265 30 15 7.7 4.2
18500 -11.1 12.0 270 27 14 7.7 4.2 | -11.2 11.8 270 29 15 7.3 4.0
18000 -10.0 14.0 270 25 13 7.7 4.2 | -10.1 13.8 270 28 14 7.3 4.0
17500 -8.9 16.0 270 24 13 7.1 3.9 | -9.0 15.8 270 27 14 7.2 4.0
17000 -7.8 18.0 275 23 12 7.2 3.9 | -8.0 17.6 270 26 13 7.2 3.9
16500 -6.8 19.8 275 22 11 7.0 3.8 | -6.9 19.6 275 24 13 7.0 3.8
16000 -5.8 21.6 275 21 11 6.8 3.7 | -5.4 22.3 275 23 12 6.8 3.7
15500 -4.3 24.3 280 20 10 6.5 3.6 | -4.4 24.1 275 22 11 6.7 3.7
15000 -3.3 26.1 280 19 10 6.4 3.5 | -3.4 25.9 275 20 11 6.7 3.7
14500 -2.4 27.7 285 18 9 6.4 3.5 | -2.4 27.7 275 19 10 6.7 3.7
14000 -1.4 29.5 285 17 9 6.4 3.5 | -1.4 29.5 275 18 9 6.5 3.6
13500 -0.5 31.1 290 16 8 6.4 3.5 | -0.5 31.1 275 17 9 6.6 3.6
13000 0.5 32.9 290 15 8 6.3 3.5 | 0.5 32.9 275 15 8 6.7 3.7
12500 1.4 34.5 290 15 8 6.3 3.5 | 1.5 34.7 275 14 7 6.7 3.7
12000 2.3 36.1 290 14 7 6.1 3.3 | 2.5 36.5 270 13 7 6.8 3.7
11500 3.2 37.8 290 13 7 6.1 3.3 | 3.5 38.3 265 11 6 6.7 3.7
11000 4.1 39.4 290 11 6 6.3 3.5 | 4.5 40.1 260 10 5 6.9 3.8
10500 5.0 41.0 290 10 5 5.8 3.2 | 5.5 41.9 255 9 5 6.4 3.5
10250 5.4 41.7 290 9 5 2.6 1.4 | 5.9 42.6 255 9 5 3.5 1.9
10000 5.6 42.1 290 8 4 5.6 3.1 | 6.1 43.0 255 9 5 6.2 3.4
9750 6.2 43.2 290 7 4 9.8 5.4 | 6.8 44.2 245 8 4 9.7 5.3
9500 6.9 44.4 285 6 3 8.1 4.4 | 7.5 45.5 235 7 4 8.3 4.6
9250 7.4 45.3 280 5 3 5.2 2.9 | 8.0 46.4 230 7 4 5.3 2.9
9000 7.7 45.9 280 4 2 5.6 3.1 | 8.3 46.9 230 7 3 5.7 3.1
8750 8.3 46.9 275 4 2 8.8 4.8 | 8.9 48.0 225 6 3 8.5 4.7
8500 8.9 48.0 275 3 2 7.3 4.0 | 9.5 49.1 215 6 3 7.3 4.0
8250 9.4 48.9 275 3 1 5.0 2.7 | 10.0 50.0 205 6 3 6.1 3.4
8000 9.7 49.5 275 2 1 4.8 2.6 | 10.4 50.7 200 6 3 5.9 3.2
7750 10.1 50.2 275 2 1 6.6 3.6 | 10.9 51.6 195 6 3 7.0 3.8
7500 10.6 51.1 290 2 1 5.0 2.7 | 11.4 52.5 190 5 2 5.2 2.9
7250 10.8 51.4 295 1 1 2.6 1.4 | 11.6 52.9 185 5 2 3.2 1.8
7000 11.1 52.0 305 1 1 3.6 1.9 | 11.9 53.4 180 5 2 3.9 2.1
6750 11.3 52.3 310 1 1 2.7 1.5 | 12.3 54.1 175 4 2 7.2 3.9
6500 11.4 52.5 265 2 1 -0.9 -0.5 | 12.9 55.2 180 3 2 7.5 4.1
6250 11.2 52.2 240 2 1 -2.0 -1.1 | 13.3 55.9 175 3 2 5.4 3.0
6000 11.1 52.0 225 3 2 -3.7 -2.1 | 13.8 56.8 175 3 2 5.7 3.2
5750 10.4 50.7 225 4 2 -16.3 -9.0 | 14.3 57.7 170 3 1 10.0 5.5
5500 8.6 47.5 215 4 2 -29.6 -16.2 | 15.3 59.5 170 2 1 18.2 10.0
11/12/2025 at 1400 MST | 11/12/2025 at 1700 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +5.2 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.3
CINH... 0.0 K Index... -1.4 | CINH... -0.0 K Index... -0.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -67.2 -89.0 290 44 23 2.2 1.2 | -67.3 -89.1 285 48 25 1.7 0.9
45000 -63.4 -82.1 285 56 29 3.2 1.8 | -64.1 -83.4 280 60 31 3.7 2.0
40000 -58.6 -73.5 290 64 33 4.4 2.4 | -58.6 -73.5 280 68 35 4.8 2.6
38000 -54.1 -65.4 290 63 33 7.9 4.3 | -54.2 -65.6 280 70 36 7.5 4.1
36000 -49.4 -56.9 290 62 32 7.9 4.3 | -49.7 -57.5 285 73 37 7.5 4.1
34000 -44.7 -48.5 285 61 32 7.7 4.2 | -44.8 -48.6 285 72 37 8.6 4.7
32000 -40.1 -40.2 285 60 31 7.7 4.2 | -39.6 -39.3 285 69 35 8.6 4.7
30000 -35.3 -31.5 280 56 29 6.8 3.8 | -34.4 -29.9 285 63 32 7.2 3.9
29000 -33.2 -27.8 280 53 27 6.9 3.8 | -32.2 -26.0 290 59 30 7.2 3.9
28000 -31.2 -24.2 275 50 26 6.9 3.8 | -30.1 -22.2 290 55 28 7.3 4.0
27000 -29.3 -20.7 275 48 25 6.4 3.5 | -28.1 -18.6 285 51 26 6.2 3.4
26000 -27.4 -17.3 275 45 23 6.4 3.5 | -26.3 -15.3 285 48 25 6.2 3.4
25000 -25.5 -13.9 275 43 22 6.4 3.5 | -24.5 -12.1 280 45 23 6.2 3.4
24000 -23.6 -10.5 275 39 20 6.4 3.5 | -22.8 -9.0 280 41 21 5.1 2.8
23000 -21.7 -7.1 275 36 18 6.4 3.5 | -21.2 -6.2 280 38 19 5.2 2.8
22000 -19.8 -3.6 275 32 16 6.3 3.5 | -19.7 -3.5 275 34 17 5.2 2.8
21000 -17.6 0.3 275 29 15 7.9 4.3 | -17.8 -0.0 280 30 15 7.1 3.9
20000 -15.2 4.6 280 28 15 8.0 4.4 | -15.6 3.9 280 27 14 7.2 3.9
19500 -14.0 6.8 280 28 14 8.0 4.4 | -14.6 5.7 280 25 13 7.2 3.9
19000 -12.8 9.0 285 27 14 7.8 4.3 | -13.5 7.7 280 24 12 7.3 4.0
18500 -11.6 11.1 285 27 14 7.3 4.0 | -12.4 9.7 285 22 12 7.5 4.1
18000 -10.5 13.1 285 26 13 7.3 4.0 | -11.2 11.8 285 21 11 7.5 4.1
17500 -9.5 14.9 285 25 13 7.2 3.9 | -10.1 13.8 285 21 11 7.3 4.0
17000 -8.4 16.9 290 25 13 7.1 3.9 | -9.0 15.8 290 20 10 7.2 4.0
16500 -7.3 18.9 290 25 13 6.9 3.8 | -7.4 18.7 290 20 10 7.3 4.0
16000 -5.9 21.4 290 24 12 6.5 3.6 | -6.3 20.7 290 19 10 7.3 4.0
15500 -4.9 23.2 285 23 12 6.7 3.7 | -5.2 22.6 285 18 10 7.6 4.2
15000 -3.9 25.0 285 22 11 6.9 3.8 | -4.1 24.6 285 18 9 7.7 4.2
14500 -2.9 26.8 285 21 11 7.1 3.9 | -2.9 26.8 285 18 9 7.8 4.3
14000 -1.8 28.8 285 20 10 7.6 4.2 | -1.8 28.8 290 17 9 7.9 4.3
13500 -0.7 30.7 285 19 10 7.6 4.2 | -0.6 30.9 290 17 9 7.9 4.3
13000 0.5 32.9 285 18 9 7.8 4.3 | 0.5 32.9 290 17 9 7.8 4.3
12500 1.6 34.9 285 17 9 7.8 4.3 | 1.7 35.1 290 17 9 7.8 4.3
12000 2.8 37.0 285 15 8 7.9 4.3 | 2.8 37.0 290 17 9 7.9 4.3
11500 3.9 39.0 285 14 7 7.9 4.3 | 4.0 39.2 290 16 8 7.9 4.4
11000 5.1 41.2 285 12 6 7.6 4.1 | 5.2 41.4 290 15 8 7.7 4.2
10500 6.2 43.2 280 11 6 7.2 4.0 | 6.3 43.3 285 13 7 7.5 4.1
10250 6.6 43.9 280 10 5 3.9 2.1 | 6.7 44.1 285 12 6 4.3 2.3
10000 6.9 44.4 280 10 5 6.5 3.5 | 7.1 44.8 285 12 6 6.6 3.6
9750 7.6 45.7 280 9 4 10.3 5.6 | 7.8 46.0 280 10 5 10.3 5.7
9500 8.3 46.9 275 7 4 9.2 5.0 | 8.5 47.3 275 8 4 9.2 5.1
9250 8.9 48.0 275 6 3 5.8 3.2 | 9.1 48.4 270 6 3 5.8 3.2
9000 9.3 48.7 270 6 3 6.1 3.3 | 9.4 48.9 265 5 3 6.2 3.4
8750 9.9 49.8 265 5 2 9.2 5.0 | 10.0 50.0 255 4 2 9.3 5.1
8500 10.5 50.9 250 3 2 7.8 4.3 | 10.7 51.3 235 3 2 7.9 4.3
8250 11.0 51.8 230 3 1 6.1 3.3 | 11.2 52.2 205 3 1 6.2 3.4
8000 11.5 52.7 195 2 1 6.4 3.5 | 11.7 53.1 185 3 1 6.4 3.5
7750 12.0 53.6 170 3 1 9.1 5.0 | 12.2 54.0 170 3 2 9.1 5.0
7500 12.7 54.9 155 3 1 8.2 4.5 | 12.9 55.2 150 3 2 8.2 4.5
7250 13.2 55.8 150 3 2 6.2 3.4 | 13.4 56.1 135 3 2 6.1 3.3
7000 13.7 56.7 145 3 2 6.7 3.7 | 13.9 57.0 125 3 2 6.5 3.6
6750 14.3 57.7 145 3 2 9.9 5.4 | 14.4 57.9 115 4 2 9.3 5.1
6500 15.1 59.2 140 3 2 10.0 5.5 | 15.2 59.4 105 4 2 8.9 4.9
6250 15.7 60.3 140 3 2 8.1 4.4 | 15.7 60.3 100 4 2 5.9 3.2
6000 16.4 61.5 140 3 2 8.2 4.5 | 16.2 61.2 095 4 2 8.7 4.8
5750 17.0 62.6 140 3 1 10.7 5.9 | 16.7 62.1 090 4 2 0.3 0.2
5500 18.0 64.4 135 2 1 16.3 8.9 | 15.9 60.6 080 3 2 -20.9 -11.5
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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