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Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
921
UXUS97 KBOU 171312
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
0711 MDT Tuesday, September 17, 2019
This forecast is for Tuesday, September 17, 2019:
If the trigger temperature of 80.0 F/26.7 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Excellent
Maximum rate of lift........................ 933 ft/min (4.7 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 17380 ft MSL (12095 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 87.0 F/31.0 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1130 MDT
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... Broken/overcast thin middle
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 10308 ft MSL (5023 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Wednesday 09/18.... Good
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1800 MDT)......... No change.
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1800 MDT)................ Neither
Potential height of wave....................... 39319 ft MSL (34034 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Wednesday 09/18....... Fair
Remarks... Windy conditions with isolated storms possible this afternoon.
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:42:30 / 19:05:29 MDT
Total possible sunshine........... 12 hr 22 min 59 sec (742 min 59 sec)
Altitude of sun at 12:54:00 MDT... 52.35 degrees
Upper air data from rawinsonde observation taken on 09/17/2019 at 0600 MDT
Freezing level.................. 14923 ft MSL (9638 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 17370 ft MSL (12085 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 17482 ft MSL (12197 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +0.2
K index......................... +20.7
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -64.5 -84.1 220 46 24 1.8 1.0 85.8 186.5 32.1 M M
45000 -59.4 -74.9 225 48 25 4.6 2.5 69.7 157.5 24.4 M M
40000 -57.5 -71.5 230 61 31 1.6 0.9 50.2 122.4 13.1 M M
38000 -53.4 -64.1 225 61 32 6.8 3.7 47.5 117.5 11.6 M M
36000 -48.6 -55.5 215 54 28 9.5 5.2 46.1 115.0 10.9 M M
34000 -42.2 -44.0 215 50 26 9.4 5.1 45.7 114.3 11.0 M M
32000 -36.6 -33.9 210 46 24 9.4 5.2 45.6 114.0 11.1 M M
30000 -31.6 -24.9 195 38 20 8.1 4.4 44.5 112.1 10.5 M M
29000 -29.2 -20.6 190 36 19 8.1 4.4 43.8 110.9 10.1 M M
28000 -26.8 -16.2 195 35 18 8.4 4.6 43.1 109.6 9.7 M M
27000 -25.7 -14.3 195 34 18 4.7 2.6 40.9 105.6 8.0 M M
26000 -23.5 -10.3 200 34 17 7.3 4.0 40.0 103.9 7.3 M M
25000 -21.0 -5.8 205 33 17 8.8 4.8 39.4 102.9 7.0 M M
24000 -18.9 -2.0 210 33 17 8.3 4.5 38.3 101.0 6.2 M M
23000 -16.3 2.7 215 32 17 8.6 4.7 37.9 100.2 5.9 M M
22000 -13.8 7.2 220 31 16 8.8 4.8 37.5 99.5 5.6 M M
21000 -11.1 12.0 220 31 16 8.2 4.5 37.1 98.9 5.5 M M
20000 -8.7 16.3 225 30 15 6.1 3.3 36.5 97.7 5.0 M M
19500 -8.1 17.4 220 29 15 4.3 2.4 35.5 96.0 4.1 M M
19000 -7.5 18.5 215 28 14 1.5 0.8 34.6 94.3 3.3 M M
18500 -7.8 18.0 210 26 13 3.3 1.8 32.7 90.9 1.5 M M
18000 -7.0 19.4 200 24 13 5.9 3.2 32.1 89.8 0.9 M M
17500 -6.1 21.0 200 22 12 6.1 3.4 31.5 88.7 0.3 M M
17000 -4.8 23.4 205 20 10 6.3 3.5 30.6 87.0 -0.6 1092 5.5
16500 -3.7 25.3 200 18 9 8.5 4.6 30.2 86.3 -1.0 1044 5.3
16000 -2.5 27.5 195 17 9 8.3 4.6 29.9 85.9 -1.2 992 5.0
15500 -1.2 29.8 190 15 8 8.6 4.7 29.7 85.4 -1.4 940 4.8
15000 0.0 32.0 185 14 7 9.6 5.3 29.6 85.4 -1.6 887 4.5
14500 1.4 34.5 190 13 7 9.2 5.0 29.6 85.2 -1.7 830 4.2
14000 2.8 37.0 195 12 6 9.1 5.0 29.5 85.1 -1.8 773 3.9
13500 4.2 39.6 200 10 5 9.2 5.0 29.4 84.9 -1.8 717 3.6
13000 5.6 42.1 200 9 5 9.2 5.0 29.3 84.7 -1.9 660 3.4
12500 7.0 44.6 210 9 5 9.2 5.0 29.2 84.5 -2.0 603 3.1
12000 8.4 47.1 220 9 5 9.1 5.0 29.1 84.3 -2.1 547 2.8
11500 9.8 49.6 235 9 5 8.2 4.5 29.0 84.1 -2.2 490 2.5
11000 10.9 51.6 245 10 5 7.4 4.1 28.6 83.4 -2.5 442 2.2
10500 12.1 53.8 250 11 6 7.3 4.0 28.2 82.7 -2.9 394 2.0
10250 12.6 54.7 255 12 6 7.5 4.1 28.0 82.4 -3.1 369 1.9
10000 13.2 55.8 255 12 6 7.6 4.2 27.8 82.1 -3.2 345 1.8
9750 13.7 56.7 260 13 7 7.6 4.2 27.7 81.8 -3.4 321 1.6
9500 14.3 57.7 265 14 7 7.6 4.2 27.5 81.5 -3.6 297 1.5
9250 14.8 58.6 265 15 8 7.6 4.2 27.4 81.2 -3.8 273 1.4
9000 15.4 59.7 270 16 8 7.6 4.2 27.2 81.0 -3.9 249 1.3
8750 15.9 60.6 270 15 8 7.6 4.2 27.0 80.7 -4.1 225 1.1
8500 16.5 61.7 270 14 7 7.6 4.2 26.9 80.4 -4.3 201 1.0
8250 17.1 62.8 275 13 7 7.7 4.2 26.7 80.1 -4.5 177 0.9
8000 17.6 63.7 275 12 6 7.7 4.2 26.6 79.8 -4.7 153 0.8
7750 18.2 64.8 275 11 6 7.7 4.2 26.4 79.5 -4.9 129 0.7
7500 18.7 65.7 280 9 5 7.7 4.2 26.2 79.2 -5.1 105 0.5
7250 19.3 66.7 285 8 4 7.7 4.2 26.1 78.9 -5.3 81 0.4
7000 19.8 67.6 290 7 4 7.7 4.2 25.9 78.6 -5.5 57 0.3
6750 20.4 68.7 290 7 4 7.7 4.2 25.7 78.3 -5.7 33 0.2
6500 20.9 69.6 285 7 4 7.7 4.2 25.6 78.0 -5.9 9 0.0
6250 21.5 70.7 285 7 4 7.8 4.3 25.4 77.7 -6.1 M M
6000 22.0 71.6 280 7 4 7.2 3.9 25.2 77.4 -6.3 M M
5750 22.2 72.0 260 5 2 -5.0 -2.7 24.7 76.5 -6.9 M M
5500 20.8 69.4 210 4 2 -29.5 -16.2 22.7 72.9 -9.1 M M
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
09/17/2019 at 0900 MDT | 09/17/2019 at 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... +1.4 LI... +0.1 | CAPE... +80.8 LI... -0.6
CINH... -33.0 K Index... +21.5 | CINH... -45.1 K Index... +24.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -62.1 -79.8 215 23 12 2.0 1.1 | -61.5 -78.7 215 22 12 1.6 0.9
45000 -58.9 -74.0 220 29 15 2.4 1.3 | -58.7 -73.7 220 28 14 3.0 1.6
40000 -55.2 -67.4 220 31 16 5.5 3.0 | -54.1 -65.4 230 28 14 4.9 2.7
38000 -51.6 -60.9 215 30 16 6.0 3.3 | -50.9 -59.6 225 28 14 5.3 2.9
36000 -48.0 -54.4 210 29 15 6.0 3.3 | -47.7 -53.9 220 28 14 5.3 2.9
34000 -42.7 -44.9 205 27 14 8.6 4.7 | -43.0 -45.4 220 27 14 7.7 4.2
32000 -37.5 -35.5 205 25 13 8.6 4.7 | -38.4 -37.1 220 25 13 7.7 4.2
30000 -32.7 -26.9 205 23 12 7.9 4.3 | -33.8 -28.8 220 24 12 7.7 4.2
29000 -30.3 -22.5 205 22 12 7.9 4.4 | -31.5 -24.7 220 23 12 7.7 4.2
28000 -28.0 -18.4 200 22 11 7.9 4.3 | -29.2 -20.6 220 23 12 7.7 4.2
27000 -25.8 -14.4 205 21 11 7.1 3.9 | -27.0 -16.6 220 22 11 7.3 4.0
26000 -23.7 -10.7 205 21 11 7.1 3.9 | -24.8 -12.6 225 22 11 7.3 4.0
25000 -21.6 -6.9 210 21 11 7.1 3.9 | -22.6 -8.7 225 21 11 7.3 4.0
24000 -19.7 -3.5 210 20 10 6.3 3.4 | -20.5 -4.9 225 20 10 7.1 3.9
23000 -17.8 -0.0 210 19 10 6.3 3.4 | -18.4 -1.1 225 20 10 7.2 3.9
22000 -16.0 3.2 210 17 9 6.2 3.4 | -16.3 2.7 225 19 10 7.2 3.9
21000 -14.1 6.6 210 16 8 6.7 3.7 | -14.2 6.4 225 18 9 7.1 3.9
20000 -12.1 10.2 210 15 8 6.7 3.7 | -12.1 10.2 220 17 9 7.1 3.9
19500 -10.7 12.7 210 14 7 6.7 3.7 | -10.6 12.9 220 16 8 7.1 3.9
19000 -9.6 14.7 210 13 7 7.5 4.1 | -9.5 14.9 220 15 8 7.5 4.1
18500 -8.5 16.7 205 13 6 7.4 4.1 | -8.4 16.9 215 15 8 7.5 4.1
18000 -7.4 18.7 205 12 6 7.6 4.2 | -7.3 18.9 215 15 7 7.7 4.2
17500 -6.3 20.7 205 11 6 7.9 4.4 | -6.2 20.8 215 14 7 8.0 4.4
17000 -5.1 22.8 205 11 6 7.9 4.3 | -5.0 23.0 215 14 7 8.0 4.4
16500 -3.9 25.0 210 10 5 8.4 4.6 | -3.8 25.2 215 13 7 8.1 4.4
16000 -2.7 27.1 210 10 5 8.3 4.6 | -2.6 27.3 215 12 6 8.1 4.4
15500 -1.4 29.5 210 9 5 8.3 4.6 | -1.4 29.5 215 12 6 7.6 4.2
15000 -0.2 31.6 210 9 4 8.3 4.6 | -0.4 31.3 220 11 6 7.5 4.1
14500 1.0 33.8 210 8 4 8.3 4.6 | 0.7 33.3 220 11 5 7.6 4.1
14000 2.3 36.1 215 8 4 8.4 4.6 | 1.9 35.4 225 10 5 7.7 4.2
13500 3.5 38.3 215 7 4 8.4 4.6 | 3.0 37.4 225 9 5 7.8 4.3
13000 4.8 40.6 220 7 4 8.4 4.6 | 4.1 39.4 230 9 4 8.0 4.4
12500 6.0 42.8 225 6 3 8.4 4.6 | 5.3 41.5 230 8 4 7.9 4.4
12000 7.2 45.0 230 6 3 7.9 4.3 | 6.6 43.9 235 7 4 8.9 4.9
11500 8.4 47.1 235 6 3 8.0 4.4 | 7.9 46.2 235 7 4 8.9 4.9
11000 9.5 49.1 240 6 3 6.8 3.8 | 9.1 48.4 235 6 3 7.8 4.3
10500 10.5 50.9 250 6 3 6.6 3.6 | 10.3 50.5 235 6 3 9.9 5.4
10250 11.0 51.8 255 6 3 10.2 5.6 | 11.1 52.0 235 6 3 12.0 6.6
10000 11.9 53.4 255 6 3 10.6 5.8 | 11.9 53.4 240 6 3 9.7 5.3
9750 12.5 54.5 260 6 3 7.6 4.2 | 12.6 54.7 240 6 3 9.1 5.0
9500 13.1 55.6 265 7 3 9.0 5.0 | 13.3 55.9 240 6 3 9.7 5.3
9250 13.7 56.7 270 7 4 6.4 3.5 | 14.0 57.2 240 6 3 7.6 4.1
9000 14.1 57.4 270 7 4 6.7 3.7 | 14.5 58.1 240 5 3 8.5 4.7
8750 14.8 58.6 270 7 4 9.4 5.2 | 15.3 59.5 245 5 3 11.2 6.1
8500 15.4 59.7 275 8 4 8.8 4.8 | 16.1 61.0 245 5 3 10.5 5.7
8250 16.0 60.8 275 8 4 7.0 3.8 | 16.9 62.4 245 5 3 10.3 5.6
8000 16.4 61.5 275 8 4 5.6 3.1 | 17.6 63.7 245 5 2 9.8 5.4
7750 16.9 62.4 275 9 4 6.5 3.5 | 18.3 64.9 245 5 2 9.9 5.4
7500 17.3 63.1 275 9 4 6.0 3.3 | 19.1 66.4 245 5 2 9.8 5.4
7250 17.7 63.9 275 9 4 4.5 2.5 | 19.8 67.6 245 4 2 9.5 5.2
7000 18.0 64.4 275 8 4 4.1 2.2 | 20.5 68.9 245 4 2 9.7 5.3
6750 18.3 64.9 270 8 4 4.8 2.6 | 21.3 70.3 245 4 2 10.8 5.9
6500 18.7 65.7 265 7 4 6.3 3.5 | 22.1 71.8 245 4 2 10.8 5.9
6250 19.2 66.6 265 6 3 7.7 4.2 | 22.8 73.0 245 4 2 10.2 5.6
6000 19.8 67.6 260 6 3 7.4 4.1 | 23.6 74.5 245 4 2 9.9 5.4
5750 20.3 68.5 255 5 2 8.6 4.7 | 24.4 75.9 245 3 2 11.5 6.3
5500 21.1 70.0 250 4 2 13.0 7.1 | 25.5 77.9 245 3 2 20.7 11.3
09/17/2019 at 1500 MDT | 09/17/2019 at 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... +313.0 LI... -1.6 | CAPE... +63.0 LI... +0.1
CINH... -15.0 K Index... +28.5 | CINH... -42.4 K Index... +25.9
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -62.0 -79.6 225 20 11 2.1 1.1 | -62.4 -80.3 235 18 9 1.6 0.9
45000 -58.5 -73.3 225 25 13 3.2 1.7 | -59.4 -74.9 235 22 11 3.3 1.8
40000 -53.6 -64.5 240 28 15 5.3 2.9 | -54.3 -65.7 245 26 14 5.3 2.9
38000 -50.2 -58.4 245 27 14 5.7 3.1 | -51.0 -59.8 250 24 13 5.5 3.0
36000 -46.8 -52.2 245 26 13 5.7 3.1 | -47.7 -53.9 255 23 12 5.5 3.0
34000 -42.7 -44.9 255 23 12 6.3 3.4 | -43.1 -45.6 260 20 10 7.4 4.1
32000 -39.0 -38.2 260 20 10 6.3 3.5 | -38.6 -37.5 265 17 9 7.5 4.1
30000 -34.4 -29.9 260 19 10 8.1 4.5 | -33.8 -28.8 265 16 8 8.3 4.6
29000 -32.0 -25.6 260 19 10 8.1 4.5 | -31.3 -24.3 265 16 8 8.3 4.6
28000 -29.6 -21.3 255 19 10 8.1 4.5 | -28.8 -19.8 265 15 8 8.3 4.6
27000 -27.1 -16.8 250 19 10 8.1 4.4 | -26.3 -15.3 265 15 8 8.5 4.6
26000 -24.7 -12.5 250 19 10 8.1 4.4 | -23.7 -10.7 265 15 8 8.5 4.6
25000 -22.3 -8.1 245 19 10 8.1 4.5 | -21.2 -6.2 260 15 8 8.5 4.7
24000 -20.1 -4.2 240 19 10 7.1 3.9 | -18.7 -1.7 260 15 8 8.0 4.4
23000 -18.0 -0.4 240 18 9 7.1 3.9 | -16.4 2.5 255 15 8 8.0 4.4
22000 -15.9 3.4 235 18 9 7.2 4.0 | -14.0 6.8 255 14 7 8.2 4.5
21000 -13.9 7.0 235 17 9 6.5 3.6 | -12.1 10.2 250 14 7 5.7 3.1
20000 -12.0 10.4 235 16 8 6.6 3.6 | -10.4 13.3 245 14 7 5.7 3.1
19500 -10.6 12.9 235 15 8 6.6 3.6 | -9.2 15.4 245 14 7 5.8 3.2
19000 -9.6 14.7 235 14 7 7.1 3.9 | -8.4 16.9 245 14 7 5.1 2.8
18500 -8.6 16.5 240 14 7 7.1 3.9 | -7.7 18.1 245 13 7 5.3 2.9
18000 -7.6 18.3 240 14 7 7.5 4.1 | -7.0 19.4 245 13 7 5.9 3.2
17500 -6.5 20.3 240 13 7 7.9 4.3 | -6.0 21.2 245 12 6 6.7 3.7
17000 -5.3 22.5 240 13 7 7.9 4.3 | -5.1 22.8 245 12 6 6.6 3.6
16500 -4.2 24.4 240 12 6 8.4 4.6 | -4.1 24.6 245 11 6 7.7 4.2
16000 -2.9 26.8 240 12 6 8.4 4.6 | -3.0 26.6 245 11 5 7.6 4.2
15500 -1.7 28.9 240 11 6 8.6 4.7 | -1.9 28.6 240 10 5 8.3 4.5
15000 -0.4 31.3 240 11 6 8.7 4.8 | -0.7 30.7 240 9 5 8.6 4.7
14500 0.8 33.4 240 10 5 8.8 4.8 | 0.6 33.1 240 9 5 8.7 4.8
14000 2.1 35.8 240 10 5 8.9 4.9 | 1.9 35.4 235 9 5 9.0 4.9
13500 3.5 38.3 240 10 5 8.9 4.9 | 3.2 37.8 235 9 4 9.0 5.0
13000 4.8 40.6 240 9 5 9.3 5.1 | 4.6 40.3 235 8 4 9.3 5.1
12500 6.2 43.2 240 9 5 9.3 5.1 | 6.0 42.8 235 8 4 9.3 5.1
12000 7.6 45.7 240 8 4 9.3 5.1 | 7.3 45.1 235 8 4 9.3 5.1
11500 9.0 48.2 245 8 4 9.4 5.2 | 8.7 47.7 240 7 4 9.5 5.2
11000 10.3 50.5 245 8 4 8.6 4.7 | 10.0 50.0 240 7 3 7.8 4.3
10500 11.6 52.9 245 7 4 10.5 5.8 | 11.2 52.2 245 6 3 10.2 5.6
10250 12.5 54.5 245 8 4 12.4 6.8 | 12.1 53.8 250 6 3 12.4 6.8
10000 13.3 55.9 245 8 4 10.2 5.6 | 12.9 55.2 250 6 3 10.0 5.5
9750 14.0 57.2 245 8 4 9.7 5.3 | 13.6 56.5 250 6 3 9.4 5.2
9500 14.8 58.6 245 8 4 10.1 5.6 | 14.3 57.7 255 6 3 10.1 5.5
9250 15.5 59.9 245 7 4 8.9 4.9 | 15.0 59.0 255 6 3 8.2 4.5
9000 16.1 61.0 250 7 4 9.1 5.0 | 15.6 60.1 255 6 3 8.7 4.8
8750 16.9 62.4 250 7 4 10.6 5.8 | 16.4 61.5 260 6 3 10.9 6.0
8500 17.7 63.9 250 7 4 10.0 5.5 | 17.2 63.0 260 6 3 10.4 5.7
8250 18.4 65.1 250 7 4 11.3 6.2 | 17.9 64.2 260 6 3 10.0 5.5
8000 19.3 66.7 250 7 4 10.6 5.8 | 18.7 65.7 260 6 3 9.6 5.3
7750 20.0 68.0 250 7 4 8.8 4.8 | 19.4 66.9 265 6 3 9.9 5.4
7500 20.7 69.3 250 7 4 9.3 5.1 | 20.1 68.2 265 6 3 9.8 5.4
7250 21.4 70.5 250 7 4 9.9 5.5 | 20.8 69.4 265 6 3 9.6 5.3
7000 22.2 72.0 250 7 3 10.3 5.7 | 21.6 70.9 265 6 3 9.6 5.3
6750 22.9 73.2 250 7 3 9.6 5.3 | 22.3 72.1 265 6 3 9.9 5.4
6500 23.6 74.5 250 6 3 10.1 5.5 | 23.0 73.4 270 6 3 10.2 5.6
6250 24.4 75.9 250 6 3 11.0 6.0 | 23.8 74.8 270 6 3 10.3 5.6
6000 25.2 77.4 255 6 3 11.3 6.2 | 24.6 76.3 270 6 3 10.3 5.7
5750 26.1 79.0 255 6 3 9.6 5.2 | 25.3 77.5 270 5 3 9.3 5.1
5500 26.8 80.2 255 5 3 13.2 7.3 | 26.0 78.8 275 5 2 9.8 5.4
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
042613
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