Weather observations for the past three days for
Fernandina Beach Municipal Airport
Metric (Imperial)
Date Time (edt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) Pressure Precipitation (cm)
Air Dwpt 6 hour altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
Max. Min.
05 17:15 NE 20 16.09 Overcast OVC016 25 22 83% 26 76.15 0.0
05 16:55 NE 19 16.09 Overcast SCT014 BKN021 OVC080 25 22 83% 26 76.12 0.0
05 16:35 NE 20 G 31 16.09 Overcast BKN014 OVC020 25 23 89% 26 76.12 0.0
05 16:15 NE 20 G 28 16.09 Overcast BKN010 BKN014 OVC021 25 23 89% 26 76.1 0.0
05 15:55 N 19 16.09 Overcast BKN010 OVC014 24 23 94% 23 76.12 0.0 0.25
05 15:35 NE 28 16.09 Overcast BKN008 BKN014 OVC022 24 23 94% 23 76.12 0.0 0.25
05 15:15 N 22 G 39 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT011 BKN022 OVC031 24 23 94% 23 76.12 0.0 0.25
05 14:55 N 26 G 33 16.09 Overcast BKN011 BKN018 OVC027 25 23 89% 26 76.12 0.0
05 14:35 N 22 G 41 11.27 Rain SCT013 BKN020 OVC045 26 23 84% 28 76.12 0.0
05 14:15 NW 22 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT020 BKN024 BKN047 29 24 74% 34 76.12 0.0
05 13:55 NW 15 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN017 BKN026 BKN120 29 25 79% 35 76.15 0.0
05 13:35 W 22 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN015 BKN023 BKN120 29 25 79% 35 76.15 0.0
05 13:15 W 17 16.09 Overcast BKN015 BKN019 OVC025 29 25 79% 35 76.17 0.0
05 12:55 W 11 16.09 Overcast SCT013 BKN019 OVC044 29 25 79% 35 76.2 0.0
05 12:35 W 13 16.09 Overcast SCT014 BKN020 OVC046 28 25 84% 33 76.2 0.0
05 12:15 W 9 16.09 Overcast BKN016 BKN030 OVC060 28 25 84% 33 76.23 0.0
05 11:55 SW 11 16.09 Overcast BKN014 OVC020 28 25 84% 33 76.23 0.0
05 11:35 SW 7 16.09 Overcast BKN013 OVC017 28 25 84% 33 76.25 0.0
05 11:15 S 7 16.09 Overcast OVC013 28 25 84% 33 76.25 0.0
05 10:55 SE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN017 BKN031 BKN070 27 25 89% 31 76.25 0.0
05 10:35 SE 6 16.09 Overcast BKN017 BKN031 OVC070 27 25 89% 31 76.25 0.0
05 10:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC017 27 25 89% 31 76.25 0.0
05 09:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC017 26 25 94% 28 76.25 0.0
05 09:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC017 26 25 94% 28 76.25 0.0
05 09:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT017 OVC110 25 25 100% 25 76.25 0.0
05 08:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 25 24 94% 26 76.23 0.0
05 08:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN110 25 24 94% 26 76.23 0.0
05 08:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT075 BKN120 24 24 100% 23 76.23 0.0
05 07:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT013 BKN120 24 24 100% 23 76.2 0.0
05 07:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT015 SCT120 24 24 100% 23 76.2 0.0
05 07:15 Calm 11.27 Mostly Cloudy BKN017 24 24 100% 23 76.2 0.0
05 06:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT011 BKN017 24 24 100% 23 76.17 0.0
05 06:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT011 BKN019 24 23 94% 23 76.17 0.0
05 06:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 24 23 94% 23 76.17 0.0
05 05:55 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 24 24 100% 23 76.17 0.0
05 05:35 Calm 2.01 Fog/Mist VV007 24 23 94% 23 76.17 0.0
05 05:15 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.17 0.0
05 04:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.17 0.0 0.03
05 04:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.17 0.0 0.03
05 04:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 25 24 94% 26 76.17 0.0 0.03
05 03:55 Calm 16.09 Light Rain CLR 25 24 94% 26 76.23 0.0
05 03:35 SE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT013 SCT042 25 24 94% 26 76.23 0.0
05 03:15 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN013 25 24 94% 26 76.25 0.0
05 02:55 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT011 SCT017 25 24 94% 26 76.25 0.0
05 02:35 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT011 SCT120 25 24 94% 26 76.28 0.0
05 02:15 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT011 BKN120 25 24 94% 26 76.3 0.0
05 01:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.3 0.0
05 01:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.3 0.0
05 01:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
05 00:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
05 00:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
05 00:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 23:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0
04 23:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0
04 23:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT027 SCT032 SCT120 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0
04 22:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast OVC025 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0
04 22:35 Calm 16.09 Overcast BKN025 OVC110 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
04 22:15 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT044 OVC110 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
04 21:55 Calm 16.09 Overcast SCT046 OVC100 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
04 21:35 E 7 16.09 Light Rain OVC100 23 23 100% 76.4 0.0
04 21:15 NE 6 16.09 Light Rain OVC100 23 22 94% 76.4 0.0
04 20:55 N 7 11.27 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity OVC110 23 22 94% 76.4 0.0 0.05
04 20:35 N 7 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity OVC100 23 22 94% 76.4 0.0 0.03
04 20:15 NW 11 16.09 Light Rain SCT007 SCT039 OVC100 23 22 94% 76.4 0.0 0.03
04 19:55 N 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT007 BKN038 OVC100 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0 0.05
04 19:35 N 13 16.09 Light Rain SCT020 SCT050 BKN100 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0 0.03
04 19:15 N 17 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain SCT110 23 22 94% 76.38 0.0 0.03
04 18:55 NW 13 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT100 SCT120 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0 0.53
04 18:35 NW 17 11.27 Rain Fog/Mist SCT006 BKN100 OVC120 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0 0.43
04 18:15 NW 19 11.27 Rain Fog/Mist SCT006 BKN029 OVC100 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0 0.25
04 17:55 NW 17 5.63 Heavy Rain Fog/Mist SCT006 BKN021 OVC026 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0 0.53
04 17:35 NW 13 11.27 Rain Fog/Mist SCT013 BKN020 OVC050 25 23 89% 26 76.35 0.0 0.13
04 17:15 SW 9 16.09 Thunderstorm SCT041 SCT049 OVC075 28 24 79% 32 76.3 0.0
04 16:55 SE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN075 BKN085 BKN120 28 25 84% 33 76.25 0.0
04 16:35 SE 19 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT120 28 25 84% 33 76.25 0.0
04 16:15 SE 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 28 25 84% 33 76.23 0.0
04 15:55 SE 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT090 BKN120 29 25 79% 35 76.23 0.0
04 15:35 SE 17 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT065 SCT100 BKN120 29 25 79% 35 76.23 0.0
04 15:15 SE 13 16.09 Fair CLR 29 25 79% 35 76.23 0.0
04 14:55 SE 19 11.27 Partly Cloudy SCT013 SCT039 SCT120 30 25 75% 36 76.25 0.0
04 14:35 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT011 SCT039 SCT110 29 26 84% 36 76.28 0.0
04 14:15 S 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT011 28 26 89% 34 76.3 0.0
04 13:55 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT009 SCT039 SCT085 29 26 84% 36 76.33 0.0
04 13:35 SE 11 16.09 Light Rain SCT011 BKN055 OVC110 28 26 89% 34 76.35 0.0
04 13:15 E 11 11.27 Light Rain SCT016 SCT037 BKN110 28 26 89% 34 76.38 0.0
04 12:55 SE 9 16.09 Light Rain SCT025 SCT034 BKN043 27 24 84% 30 76.4 0.0 1.37
04 12:35 S 13 3.22 Heavy Rain SCT013 BKN026 OVC039 27 24 84% 30 76.45 0.0 0.58
04 12:15 E 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT013 BKN024 BKN037 29 26 84% 36 76.45 0.0
04 11:55 E 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT016 BKN024 BKN029 29 26 84% 36 76.45 0.0 0.03
04 11:35 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT022 SCT029 29 26 84% 36 76.48 0.0 0.03
04 11:15 SE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT022 SCT029 29 26 84% 36 76.48 0.0
04 10:55 S 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT014 SCT020 29 25 79% 35 76.48 0.0
04 10:35 S 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT010 SCT014 SCT020 29 26 84% 36 76.48 0.0
04 10:15 S 7 16.09 Overcast OVC012 28 25 84% 33 76.45 0.0
04 09:55 S 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN009 BKN017 28 26 89% 34 76.45 0.0
04 09:35 SE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT007 28 26 89% 34 76.43 0.0
04 09:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 27 26 94% 31 76.43 0.0
04 08:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 26 25 94% 28 76.43 0.0
04 08:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 26 25 94% 28 76.43 0.0
04 08:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 25 24 94% 26 76.4 0.0
04 07:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
04 07:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23 23 100% 76.38 0.0
04 07:15 Calm 6.44 Fog/Mist CLR 23 23 100% 76.38 0.0
04 06:55 Calm 11.27 Fair CLR 23 23 100% 76.35 0.0
04 06:35 Calm 2.41 Fog/Mist VV007 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 06:15 Calm 3.22 Fog/Mist CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 05:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 05:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 05:15 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN019 25 23 89% 26 76.33 0.0
04 04:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT025 25 23 89% 26 76.3 0.0
04 04:35 E 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT019 BKN025 25 23 89% 26 76.3 0.0
04 04:15 E 7 16.09 Overcast OVC021 25 23 89% 26 76.33 0.0
04 03:55 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN021 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 03:35 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
04 03:15 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0
04 02:55 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0
04 02:35 E 9 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22 94% 76.35 0.0
04 02:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22 94% 76.35 0.0
04 01:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22 94% 76.38 0.0
04 01:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 23 22 94% 76.38 0.0
04 01:15 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 22 22 100% 76.38 0.0
04 00:55 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 22 22 100% 76.4 0.0
04 00:35 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 22 21 94% 76.43 0.0
04 00:15 Calm 16.09 Light Rain SCT110 22 22 100% 76.45 0.0
03 23:55 NW 6 16.09 Light Rain SCT110 22 21 94% 76.48 0.0 0.08
03 23:35 Calm 16.09 Light Rain CLR 22 21 94% 76.48 0.0 0.08
03 23:15 N 7 16.09 Light Rain CLR 22 21 94% 76.5 0.0 0.05
03 22:55 N 9 16.09 Rain CLR 22 21 94% 76.53 0.0 0.18
03 22:35 NW 13 16.09 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity SCT049 SCT070 SCT120 23 22 94% 76.56 0.0 0.08
03 22:15 NW 15 16.09 Light Rain SCT044 SCT055 SCT110 23 22 94% 76.58 0.0
03 21:55 W 15 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT025 SCT046 BKN095 23 22 94% 76.58 0.0 3.07
03 21:35 NW 15 5.63 Thunderstorm Light Rain in Vicinity Fog/Mist SCT008 BKN017 OVC070 23 22 94% 76.56 0.0 3.07
03 21:15 W 24 G 41 1.61 Thunderstorm Heavy Rain in Vicinity Fog/Mist BKN008 OVC012 22 21 94% 76.56 0.0 2.41
03 20:55 W 20 G 39 16.09 Overcast SCT012 BKN021 OVC090 25 21 79% 26 76.53 0.0
03 20:35 S 13 16.09 Overcast SCT014 BKN050 OVC090 28 25 84% 33 76.4 0.0
03 20:15 SE 13 16.09 Overcast BKN050 OVC070 28 25 84% 33 76.38 0.0
03 19:55 SE 11 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity SCT050 OVC065 28 25 84% 33 76.38 0.0
03 19:35 SE 15 16.09 Overcast BKN070 OVC090 28 25 84% 33 76.35 0.0
03 19:15 E 19 16.09 Overcast OVC090 28 25 84% 33 76.33 0.0
03 18:55 SE 11 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 SCT110 28 25 84% 33 76.33 0.0
03 18:35 E 13 16.09 Thunderstorm in Vicinity CLR 28 25 84% 33 76.33 0.0
03 18:15 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 28 24 79% 32 76.3 0.0
03 17:55 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 28 24 79% 32 76.28 0.0
03 17:35 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 28 25 84% 33 76.25 0.0
03 17:15 SE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 29 24 74% 34 76.25 0.0
03 16:55 SE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 29 25 79% 35 76.25 0.0
03 16:35 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 29 24 74% 34 76.25 0.0
03 16:15 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT075 SCT120 29 25 79% 35 76.25 0.0
03 15:55 SE 17 11.27 Partly Cloudy SCT060 SCT075 29 25 79% 35 76.28 0.0
03 15:35 SE 17 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT075 29 25 79% 35 76.28 0.0
03 15:15 SE 22 16.09 Fair CLR 29 25 79% 35 76.28 0.0
03 14:55 SE 20 16.09 Fair CLR 30 26 79% 37 76.28 0.0
03 14:35 SE 22 16.09 Fair CLR 30 25 75% 36 76.3 0.0
03 14:15 SE 19 16.09 Fair CLR 30 25 75% 36 76.33 0.0
03 13:55 SE 20 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 SCT120 30 25 75% 36 76.35 0.0
03 13:35 SE 19 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 SCT030 SCT120 29 25 79% 35 76.35 0.0
03 13:15 SE 17 16.09 Fair CLR 29 25 79% 35 76.38 0.0
03 12:55 SE 15 16.09 Fair CLR 29 25 79% 35 76.38 0.0
03 12:35 SE 15 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT010 29 25 79% 35 76.4 0.0
03 12:15 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN010 BKN015 29 26 84% 36 76.43 0.0
03 11:55 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN010 BKN016 29 26 84% 36 76.43 0.0
03 11:35 SE 13 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT012 SCT020 29 25 79% 35 76.45 0.0
03 11:15 SE 13 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT016 BKN022 29 25 79% 35 76.45 0.0
03 10:55 SE 11 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT025 BKN095 29 25 79% 35 76.45 0.0
03 10:35 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN095 29 25 79% 35 76.45 0.0
03 10:15 SE 13 16.09 Overcast OVC095 29 25 79% 35 76.45 0.0
03 09:55 SE 9 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN095 29 25 79% 35 76.45 0.0
03 09:35 SE 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT095 29 26 84% 36 76.45 0.0
03 09:15 E 9 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 SCT024 SCT060 28 26 89% 34 76.43 0.0
03 08:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT018 SCT026 SCT065 27 26 94% 31 76.43 0.0
03 08:35 E 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 27 25 89% 31 76.43 0.0
03 08:15 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT022 26 25 94% 28 76.4 0.0
03 07:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT023 26 25 94% 28 76.4 0.0
03 07:35 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 26 24 89% 28 76.38 0.0
03 07:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 26 24 89% 28 76.38 0.0
03 06:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT021 26 24 89% 28 76.35 0.0
03 06:35 E 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN021 25 24 94% 26 76.35 0.0
03 06:15 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 26 24 89% 28 76.33 0.0
03 05:55 SE 7 16.09 Fair CLR 26 24 89% 28 76.3 0.0
03 05:35 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT020 25 24 94% 26 76.3 0.0
03 05:15 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT020 25 24 94% 26 76.3 0.0
03 04:55 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 25 24 94% 26 76.3 0.0
03 04:35 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 25 23 89% 26 76.28 0.0
03 04:15 SE 9 16.09 Fair CLR 25 23 89% 26 76.3 0.0
03 03:55 SE 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 25 24 94% 26 76.33 0.0
03 03:35 Calm 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN060 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
03 03:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT060 24 23 94% 23 76.33 0.0
03 02:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0
03 02:35 SE 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0
03 02:15 Calm 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT050 24 23 94% 23 76.35 0.0
03 01:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0
03 01:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.38 0.0
03 01:15 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
03 00:55 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
03 00:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.43 0.0
02 23:55 E 6 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.45 0.0
02 23:35 Calm 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.45 0.0
02 23:15 E 7 16.09 Fair CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.45 0.0
02 22:55 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT110 24 23 94% 23 76.45 0.0 0.03
02 22:35 E 7 16.09 Light Drizzle CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.45 0.0 0.03
02 22:15 E 7 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT120 24 23 94% 23 76.45 0.0
02 21:55 E 7 16.09 Light Rain CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.43 0.0 0.03
02 21:35 E 7 16.09 Light Rain CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.43 0.0 0.03
02 21:15 E 7 16.09 Light Rain CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0 0.03
02 20:55 E 11 16.09 Light Rain CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0 0.05
02 20:35 E 9 16.09 Light Rain SCT008 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0 0.05
02 20:15 SE 7 11.27 Light Rain CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0 0.03
02 19:55 SE 9 16.09 Light Rain CLR 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0 0.05
02 19:35 SE 7 16.09 Light Rain SCT021 SCT060 SCT120 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0 0.03
02 19:15 SE 17 16.09 Light Rain SCT016 BKN023 BKN043 24 23 94% 23 76.4 0.0
02 18:55 SE 9 16.09 Overcast SCT016 BKN050 OVC070 25 23 89% 26 76.4 0.0
02 18:35 SE 6 16.09 Mostly Cloudy SCT055 BKN070 BKN085 25 24 94% 26 76.38 0.0
02 18:15 SE 6 16.09 Partly Cloudy SCT090 SCT110 25 23 89% 26 76.35 0.0
02 17:55 SE 6 16.09 Overcast OVC090 25 24 94% 26 76.35 0.0
02 17:35 SE 7 16.09 Mostly Cloudy BKN080 BKN110 25 24 94% 26 76.35 0.0
Date Time (edt) Wind (kph) Vis. (km) Weather Sky Cond. Air Dwpt Max. Min. Relative Humidity Wind Chill (°C) Heat Index (°C) altimeter (cm) sea level (mb) 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr
6 hour
Temperature (ºC) Pressure Precipitation (cm)