-- Discussion containing changed information from previous version are highlighted. --
802
FXUS63 KFGF 221742
AFDFGF

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Grand Forks ND
1242 PM CDT Sat Jun 22 2024

.KEY MESSAGES...

- Scattered thunderstorms are forecast in the Devils Lake Basin
  and northern Red River Valley regions this afternoon into
  early evening. A few these storms may become strong to
  briefly severe.

- Severe storms may develop Monday afternoon and evening.

&&

.UPDATE...
-- Changed Discussion --
Issued at 1242 PM CDT Sat Jun 22 2024

Still have one piece of 700mb energy working across the southern
FA (generally south of Interstate 94 in North Dakota and highway
10 in Minnesota), with another area pushing into southwest
Manitoba. Where there is less cloud cover over northeast North
Dakota, temperatures have risen into the low to mid 70s, while
other cloudy areas have been stuck in the mid 60s. Therefore
instability has been slow to develop, but the SPC meso page is
showing about 500 J/kg of MLCAPE just to the west of the FA.
There have been a few echoes developing around the Turtle
Mountains, extending northward to Brandon and Dauphin Manitoba.
Storms around Dauphin are closest to the 700mb wave and have the
only lightning activity yet. So overall, not much convective
activity is occurring in this FA yet. Would expect with
additional heating by late afternoon, that a little more
activity will develop. Some of these storms could still be
strong to severe (especially along the Canadian border).

UPDATE
Issued at 951 AM CDT Sat Jun 22 2024

The forecast is in good shape this morning. Pretty much in a
wait and see mode for now. There is extensive cloud cover and
fog across North Dakota, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba,
although there are a few holes across south central Manitoba.
Sky cover guidance is still fairly consistent in showing
clearing over most of western and central North Dakota by mid to
late afternoon. This should allow the instability to begin to
build, and there is plenty of moisture in place. However, as
shown by the widespread patchy fog this morning, the surface
flow is extremely weak. The main forcing for any storms this
afternoon and evening is the shortwave that is currently over
southern Saskatchewan. As this pushes slowly east today, showers
and storms will start to develop around it. Most of these
should remain to the north of the Canadian border, but a few
could try to develop into our far northern FA.

UPDATE
Issued at 655 AM CDT Sat Jun 22 2024

Satellite still shows mid level shortwave trough in the western
Dakotas gradually pushing east-southeast. Regional radar also shows
at least two consolidated areas of showers and weak thunderstorms
also tracking east-southeast within this shortwave. As such,
chance for showers and weak thunderstorms (mainly near the SD
border into west-central MN) exists through the morning into
early afternoon.

Previous thoughts on this afternoon/evening`s thunderstorm
chances remain valid, with medium-high confidence in widespread
cloud cover lessening west to east this afternoon aiding in
building the instability needed for thunderstorm development.
-- End Changed Discussion --

&&

.DISCUSSION...
Issued at 425 AM CDT Sat Jun 22 2024

...Synopsis...

Early this morning, water vapor imagery depicts broad upper
troughing making its way into the Northern Plains, with at
least a couple of mid level shortwave troughs working their way
east within eastern MT/western Dakotas and within AB/SK.
Objective analysis still suggests there is still some connection
of a departing upper jet to keep divergence aloft over our area
through the morning. As seen on microwave satellite imagery, overall
low-mid level moisture content ahead of these shortwaves and
underneath upper divergence will remain sufficient enough to
allow continued areas of weak convection in the absence of
better instability. Easterly flow in the lower levels will also
continue drizzle/fog chances west of the Red River Valley in
eastern ND.

Getting into this afternoon, guidance suggests the influence
from the entrance region of upper jet is replaced by incoming
shortwave trough out of Canada. Cooling temperatures aloft and
sufficient low level moisture coupled with daytime heating will
support weak instability ahead of an incoming weak cold front
attendant to its parent shortwave. This will set the stage for
scattered thunderstorms forecast within the Devils Lake Basin
into northern Red River Valley. And with at least weak shear
associated with the approaching shortwave, there is a chance for
organization of storms allowing them to be strong to briefly
severe this afternoon into early evening.

As Saturday`s shortwave trough exits east, Sunday will see a
post-frontal air mass and shortwave ridging over our area keeping
conditions dry. This is ahead of another approaching mid-upper
level shortwave trough traveling east through the southern tier
of Canada. Increasing warmth and instability builds ahead of
this next shortwave trough as it approaches our area Monday,
allowing Monday`s temperatures to reach into the 80s and 90s
amid higher humidity. This coupled with sufficient shear will
allow the opportunity for severe storms on Monday, of which may
be significantly severe. However, there are uncertainties
revolving around this potential, of which will be discussed in
more detail below. Depending on Monday`s convective evolution
and timing/speed of surface trough, Tuesday may hold a chance
for strong to severe storms in portions of Minnesota. This is
also very uncertain.

Getting into mid next week, post frontal air mass and upper
ridging aloft extending out of broad upper anticyclone over the
majority of the central and western CONUS will favor mostly dry
conditions and near average temperatures.

Late next week, ensemble guidance is starting to hone in on the
next shortwave trough that should influence our region`s
weather, similar to Monday`s ridge riding fashion. This would
favor at least one period of increased chance for showers and
thunderstorms, along with average to potentially above average
temperatures.

...A few strong to briefly severe storms later today....

Overall, today`s severe potential looks meager given the
persistence from majority of guidance to keep instability and
shear on the lower end, but still sufficient to allow
opportunity for some thunderstorm organization. Unidirectional
shear around 35 kt coupled with weak instability between
500-1200 J/kg will allow for transient mesocyclone development
within strongest storms. Most shear is displaced within the
mid-upper portions of the updraft, which would support hail
production. Based on thermodynamic and kinematic spacing, hail up
to the size of quarters seems reasonable. Cooler temperatures
aloft will also allow for gusty winds between 40-60 mph through
evaporative cooling of downdrafts. Coverage of thunderstorms
may range from isolated to scattered, favored to be within
northeast ND into northwest MN closer to better forcing somewhat
displaced into Canada. Given dependency on daytime heating,
lessening cloud cover will also be necessary to support building
instability. Most guidance depicts this occuring closer to
central ND into southwest MB this afternoon, and seems
reasonable based on the expectation of exiting upper divergence.
Best timing for potentially strong to severe storms exists
between 5 PM - 10 PM.

...Severe storm potential Monday...

As the shortwave trough skirts across the southern tier of
Canada, it will drag a notable portion of an already established
EML out of the Great Basin into the Northern Plains Monday. This
is atop enriched boundary layer moisture comprised of dewpoints
in the 60s to potentially low 70s. This will contribute to high
confidence of high to very high instability within a warm
sector overspreading ND into MN on Monday. The aforementioned
stout EML will however also bring strong capping. This is
important as it may subdue the chance for thunderstorms to
develop altogether given better synoptic forcing expected to
remain in Canada. This is where majority of uncertainty comes
in: amount and location of forcing to overcome capping.

While best forcing for ascent aloft will remain in Canada, there
will still be some surface/low level features to perhaps focus
forcing for ascent. This comes in the form of a warm front and
surface trough/weak cold front bounding the warm sector as it
moves through our area. Most guidance still times the surface
cold front to pass through our area during the day Monday, with
favored passed during peak heating (when capping will be at its
weakest) within Minnesota. Additionally, there may be another
opportunity to develop thunderstorms near and north of the warm
front through low level isentropic lift/WAA. This supports the
chance of robust thunderstorm development on Monday.

Given the presence of sufficient shear associated with
increasing wind field ahead of the approaching shortwave trough
and likely very unstable air mass, any thunderstorms that can
sustain themselves will likely be severe. This includes the
potential for supercells, allowing for damaging winds, large
hail, and possible tornadoes. Of course, mesoscale and finer
details such as early day convection, orientation and timing of
surface fronts, and influence of evapotranspiration this time
of year introduces that much more uncertainty.

Ultimately to say, should robust thunderstorms develop Monday
in our area (still uncertain), they will hold a higher than
normal chance of becoming severe, potentially significantly
severe.

&&

.AVIATION /18Z TAFS THROUGH 18Z SUNDAY/...
-- Changed Discussion --
Issued at 1242 PM CDT Sat Jun 22 2024

Not anticipating much for wind over the next 24 hours, so
generally ranging from light to possibly 10 knots. Otherwise,
the MVFR cloud areas early this afternoon should continue to
rise into VFR ranges shortly. There may be a few showers and
thunderstorms late this afternoon into the evening, but
confidence is too low to mention at any of the TAF sites at this
point. If something develops and looks likely to affect any,
will go ahead and amend later.
-- End Changed Discussion --

&&

.FGF WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
ND...None.
MN...None.

&&

$$

UPDATE...Godon
DISCUSSION...CJ
AVIATION...Godon