Soaring Guidance
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
Issued by NWS Denver/Boulder, CO
950
UXUS97 KBOU 151253
SRGBOU
Soaring Forecast
National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, Colorado
0550 MST Saturday, November 15, 2025
This forecast is for Saturday, November 15, 2025:
If the trigger temperature of 69.7 F/20.9 C is reached...then
Thermal Soaring Index....................... Fair
Maximum rate of lift........................ 229 ft/min (1.2 m/s)
Maximum height of thermals.................. 11002 ft MSL (5706 ft AGL)
Forecast maximum temperature................... 73.0 F/23.2 C
Time of trigger temperature.................... 1145 MST
Time of overdevelopment........................ None
Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... Overcast opaque high
Surface winds during soaring window............ 20 mph or less
Height of the -3 thermal index................. 8059 ft MSL (2763 ft AGL)
Thermal soaring outlook for Sunday 11/16....... Good
Wave Soaring Index............................. Poor
Wave Soaring Index trend (to 1700 MST)......... Little change
Height of stable layer (12-18K ft MSL)......... None
Weak PVA/NVA (through 1700 MST)................ Neither
Potential height of wave....................... 18122 ft MSL (12826 ft AGL)
Wave soaring outlook for Sunday 11/16.......... Poor
Remarks...
Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:44:47 / 16:43:29 MST
Total possible sunshine........... 9 hr 58 min 42 sec (598 min 42 sec)
Altitude of sun at 11:44:08 MST... 31.42 degrees
Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 11/15/2025 at 0500 MST
Freezing level.................. 13781 ft MSL (8485 ft AGL)
Convective condensation level... 20889 ft MSL (15593 ft AGL)
Lifted condensation level....... 16582 ft MSL (11287 ft AGL)
Lifted index.................... +6.9
K index......................... +9.0
Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -64.8 -84.6 275 57 30 -0.0 -0.0 M M M M M
45000 -64.2 -83.6 270 74 38 2.8 1.5 M M M M M
40000 -60.0 -76.0 270 66 34 4.4 2.4 M M M M M
38000 -55.0 -67.0 270 63 32 8.7 4.7 M M M M M
36000 -49.1 -56.4 270 59 30 8.6 4.7 M M M M M
34000 -44.2 -47.6 275 57 29 8.0 4.4 M M M M M
32000 -39.3 -38.7 275 56 29 8.1 4.4 M M M M M
30000 -34.5 -30.1 275 54 28 8.1 4.4 41.4 106.6 14.1 M M
29000 -32.1 -25.8 275 53 27 8.1 4.4 40.8 105.4 13.8 M M
28000 -29.7 -21.5 275 52 27 8.1 4.4 40.3 104.5 13.5 M M
27000 -27.3 -17.1 275 51 26 8.0 4.4 39.5 103.2 13.1 M M
26000 -24.9 -12.8 270 49 25 8.0 4.4 38.8 101.9 12.7 M M
25000 -22.5 -8.5 270 47 24 8.0 4.4 38.2 100.8 12.3 M M
24000 -20.1 -4.2 270 45 23 7.8 4.3 37.5 99.6 11.9 M M
23000 -17.8 -0.0 270 42 22 7.8 4.3 36.8 98.2 11.4 M M
22000 -15.4 4.3 270 40 21 7.8 4.3 36.1 97.1 11.0 M M
21000 -13.2 8.2 275 38 19 6.9 3.8 35.3 95.5 10.4 M M
20000 -11.2 11.8 275 35 18 6.9 3.8 34.2 93.6 9.6 M M
19500 -10.2 13.6 275 34 18 6.9 3.8 33.8 92.8 9.2 M M
19000 -9.1 15.6 280 33 17 6.7 3.7 33.3 92.0 8.9 M M
18500 -8.2 17.2 280 32 16 5.7 3.1 32.7 90.8 8.4 M M
18000 -7.4 18.7 285 30 16 5.8 3.2 32.0 89.6 7.8 M M
17500 -6.2 20.8 290 28 15 5.0 2.7 30.9 87.6 6.8 M M
17000 -5.5 22.1 295 27 14 5.0 2.8 30.1 86.1 6.1 M M
16500 -4.7 23.5 300 25 13 5.3 2.9 29.3 84.7 5.5 M M
16000 -3.9 25.0 300 24 12 5.4 2.9 28.5 83.4 4.8 M M
15500 -3.1 26.4 305 23 12 5.8 3.2 27.8 82.1 4.2 M M
15000 -2.2 28.0 310 22 11 6.4 3.5 27.2 81.0 3.6 M M
14500 -1.3 29.7 315 21 11 6.4 3.5 26.7 80.0 3.1 M M
14000 -0.3 31.5 315 21 11 6.6 3.6 26.2 79.1 2.7 M M
13500 0.7 33.3 315 20 10 6.6 3.6 25.6 78.2 2.2 M M
13000 1.7 35.1 320 19 10 6.8 3.7 25.1 77.3 1.7 M M
12500 2.7 36.9 320 19 10 6.7 3.7 24.7 76.4 1.3 M M
12000 3.7 38.7 320 19 10 7.1 3.9 24.2 75.6 0.8 M M
11500 4.7 40.5 315 18 9 7.2 3.9 23.8 74.8 0.4 M M
11000 5.8 42.4 315 18 9 6.5 3.6 23.3 74.0 -0.0 426 2.2
10500 6.7 44.1 310 18 9 7.2 3.9 22.8 73.0 -0.6 383 1.9
10250 7.2 45.0 310 18 10 3.8 2.1 22.5 72.6 -0.8 361 1.8
10000 7.4 45.3 310 19 10 4.7 2.6 22.0 71.5 -1.4 348 1.8
9750 7.9 46.2 310 19 10 8.6 4.7 21.8 71.3 -1.5 323 1.6
9500 8.5 47.3 305 19 10 8.3 4.5 21.7 71.0 -1.7 298 1.5
9250 9.1 48.4 305 19 10 5.6 3.1 21.5 70.7 -1.8 273 1.4
9000 9.4 48.9 305 21 11 5.6 3.1 21.1 70.0 -2.2 257 1.3
8750 10.0 50.0 305 21 11 8.8 4.8 21.0 69.7 -2.4 231 1.2
8500 10.7 51.3 305 21 11 8.1 4.5 20.8 69.5 -2.5 205 1.0
8250 11.2 52.2 300 22 11 5.4 3.0 20.7 69.2 -2.7 181 0.9
8000 11.5 52.7 300 23 12 4.4 2.4 20.2 68.4 -3.1 164 0.8
7750 12.0 53.6 300 23 12 8.1 4.4 20.0 67.9 -3.3 142 0.7
7500 12.6 54.7 295 22 11 7.8 4.3 19.9 67.8 -3.4 116 0.6
7250 13.1 55.6 295 21 11 5.2 2.9 19.6 67.3 -3.7 94 0.5
7000 13.5 56.3 295 21 11 4.2 2.3 19.2 66.6 -4.1 75 0.4
6750 13.9 57.0 290 20 10 8.7 4.8 18.9 66.0 -4.4 55 0.3
6500 14.6 58.3 285 17 9 5.7 3.2 18.9 66.0 -4.4 27 0.1
6250 14.7 58.5 280 15 8 -0.6 -0.3 18.2 64.8 -5.1 17 0.1
6000 14.8 58.6 275 14 7 3.2 1.7 17.5 63.6 -5.7 7 0.0
5750 14.9 58.8 270 13 7 -4.9 -2.7 16.9 62.4 -6.4 M M
5500 13.6 56.5 255 9 5 -31.5 -17.3 14.9 58.8 -8.4 28 0.1
* * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * *
11/15/2025 at 0800 MST | 11/15/2025 at 1100 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +5.7 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.9
CINH... -0.2 K Index... +6.4 | CINH... -0.1 K Index... +6.4
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -64.7 -84.5 280 47 24 1.1 0.6 | -65.1 -85.2 275 40 21 2.5 1.4
45000 -62.9 -81.2 275 69 35 2.2 1.2 | -61.5 -78.7 275 56 29 1.8 1.0
40000 -59.3 -74.7 270 66 34 6.4 3.5 | -58.6 -73.5 265 61 31 5.3 2.9
38000 -54.2 -65.6 270 61 32 8.5 4.6 | -53.9 -65.0 265 57 29 7.8 4.3
36000 -49.2 -56.6 270 57 29 8.5 4.6 | -49.3 -56.7 265 53 27 7.8 4.3
34000 -44.3 -47.7 270 55 28 8.1 4.4 | -44.5 -48.1 270 52 27 8.0 4.4
32000 -39.4 -38.9 270 54 28 8.0 4.4 | -39.7 -39.5 270 54 28 8.0 4.4
30000 -34.7 -30.5 270 53 27 8.0 4.4 | -34.9 -30.8 270 54 28 8.2 4.5
29000 -32.3 -26.1 270 53 27 8.0 4.4 | -31.8 -25.2 270 52 27 8.2 4.5
28000 -29.3 -20.7 270 52 27 8.0 4.4 | -29.4 -20.9 270 50 26 8.2 4.5
27000 -27.0 -16.6 270 51 26 7.8 4.3 | -27.0 -16.6 270 48 25 7.9 4.3
26000 -24.6 -12.3 270 49 25 7.8 4.3 | -24.7 -12.5 270 46 24 7.9 4.3
25000 -22.3 -8.1 270 47 24 7.8 4.3 | -22.3 -8.1 270 44 23 7.9 4.3
24000 -20.1 -4.2 270 45 23 7.2 3.9 | -20.2 -4.4 265 42 22 6.8 3.7
23000 -18.0 -0.4 265 41 21 7.2 3.9 | -18.2 -0.8 265 40 21 6.7 3.7
22000 -15.9 3.4 265 38 19 7.2 4.0 | -16.2 2.8 265 38 20 6.8 3.7
21000 -13.8 7.2 265 34 18 6.5 3.6 | -14.3 6.3 265 35 18 6.0 3.3
20000 -11.9 10.6 270 31 16 6.5 3.6 | -12.6 9.3 265 31 16 6.0 3.3
19500 -11.0 12.2 270 29 15 6.5 3.5 | -11.7 10.9 270 29 15 6.0 3.3
19000 -10.0 14.0 270 28 14 6.1 3.4 | -10.8 12.6 270 27 14 6.1 3.4
18500 -9.2 15.4 275 26 13 5.4 3.0 | -9.8 14.4 275 25 13 6.5 3.6
18000 -8.4 16.9 285 25 13 5.4 3.0 | -8.9 16.0 275 24 12 6.6 3.6
17500 -7.6 18.3 290 23 12 5.2 2.8 | -7.9 17.8 280 22 11 5.8 3.2
17000 -6.8 19.8 295 21 11 5.2 2.9 | -7.1 19.2 285 21 11 5.8 3.2
16500 -6.1 21.0 300 19 10 5.8 3.2 | -6.2 20.8 290 19 10 6.0 3.3
16000 -5.1 22.8 305 17 9 6.6 3.6 | -5.2 22.6 290 17 9 6.5 3.6
15500 -4.1 24.6 310 15 8 6.6 3.6 | -4.3 24.3 290 15 8 6.4 3.5
15000 -3.0 26.6 310 14 7 7.4 4.1 | -2.6 27.3 285 13 7 7.5 4.1
14500 -1.9 28.6 315 14 7 7.4 4.1 | -1.5 29.3 285 12 6 7.4 4.1
14000 -0.4 31.3 315 13 7 6.5 3.6 | -0.5 31.1 280 12 6 7.0 3.8
13500 0.5 32.9 315 13 7 6.5 3.6 | 0.6 33.1 275 11 6 7.0 3.8
13000 1.5 34.7 315 13 7 6.8 3.7 | 1.6 34.9 270 11 6 7.0 3.9
12500 2.5 36.5 315 13 7 6.8 3.7 | 2.6 36.7 265 11 6 7.0 3.9
12000 3.4 38.1 310 13 7 6.5 3.6 | 3.6 38.5 265 11 5 7.1 3.9
11500 4.4 39.9 305 12 6 6.5 3.6 | 4.7 40.5 265 11 6 7.1 3.9
11000 5.4 41.7 300 11 6 7.1 3.9 | 5.7 42.3 260 11 6 7.2 4.0
10500 6.4 43.5 300 11 5 7.5 4.1 | 6.8 44.2 260 11 5 8.0 4.4
10250 6.8 44.2 295 10 5 3.2 1.8 | 7.3 45.1 260 11 5 4.1 2.2
10000 7.0 44.6 295 10 5 5.3 2.9 | 7.5 45.5 260 10 5 5.1 2.8
9750 7.7 45.9 295 10 5 10.5 5.8 | 8.1 46.6 260 10 5 9.6 5.3
9500 8.4 47.1 290 10 5 9.5 5.2 | 8.8 47.8 260 9 5 8.9 4.9
9250 9.0 48.2 290 10 5 5.4 3.0 | 9.4 48.9 260 9 4 5.9 3.2
9000 9.3 48.7 290 11 5 6.0 3.3 | 9.7 49.5 260 8 4 6.1 3.3
8750 10.0 50.0 290 11 6 10.5 5.8 | 10.4 50.7 265 8 4 9.4 5.2
8500 10.7 51.3 290 12 6 8.6 4.7 | 11.0 51.8 265 8 4 8.2 4.5
8250 11.3 52.3 290 12 6 5.4 2.9 | 11.5 52.7 270 8 4 5.9 3.3
8000 11.6 52.9 290 13 7 4.4 2.4 | 11.9 53.4 270 8 4 5.5 3.0
7750 12.0 53.6 285 14 7 7.5 4.1 | 12.4 54.3 275 8 4 8.7 4.8
7500 12.6 54.7 285 14 7 6.0 3.3 | 13.1 55.6 275 8 4 7.1 3.9
7250 12.8 55.0 285 14 7 2.9 1.6 | 13.4 56.1 275 7 4 3.4 1.9
7000 13.1 55.6 280 13 7 2.8 1.5 | 13.7 56.7 270 6 3 3.1 1.7
6750 13.3 55.9 280 13 6 5.8 3.2 | 14.0 57.2 260 5 3 8.6 4.7
6500 13.8 56.8 275 11 6 3.4 1.8 | 14.8 58.6 260 3 2 9.2 5.0
6250 13.8 56.8 270 10 5 -1.3 -0.7 | 15.3 59.5 250 3 1 6.1 3.3
6000 13.8 56.8 265 9 4 1.7 0.9 | 15.8 60.4 235 2 1 6.2 3.4
5750 13.8 56.8 255 8 4 -4.9 -2.7 | 16.3 61.3 215 2 1 9.8 5.4
5500 12.8 55.0 240 6 3 -23.5 -12.9 | 17.4 63.3 205 2 1 18.8 10.3
11/15/2025 at 1400 MST | 11/15/2025 at 1700 MST
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +5.1 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.2
CINH... 0.0 K Index... +7.0 | CINH... -0.4 K Index... +10.1
|
Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate
ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -65.7 -86.3 270 39 20 2.7 1.5 | -66.3 -87.3 260 42 22 2.3 1.2
45000 -61.8 -79.2 270 47 24 2.3 1.3 | -62.7 -80.9 260 45 23 3.0 1.6
40000 -58.0 -72.4 255 58 30 5.7 3.1 | -58.2 -72.8 250 52 27 4.0 2.2
38000 -53.4 -64.1 260 53 27 7.7 4.2 | -53.7 -64.7 255 49 25 7.7 4.2
36000 -48.8 -55.8 260 49 25 7.7 4.2 | -48.5 -55.3 260 45 23 7.7 4.2
34000 -44.1 -47.4 265 48 25 7.8 4.3 | -43.7 -46.7 260 44 22 8.0 4.4
32000 -39.5 -39.1 265 50 26 7.8 4.3 | -38.9 -38.0 260 43 22 8.1 4.4
30000 -34.8 -30.6 265 48 25 8.0 4.4 | -34.2 -29.6 265 40 21 7.7 4.2
29000 -31.8 -25.2 270 46 24 8.0 4.4 | -31.9 -25.4 265 38 19 7.7 4.2
28000 -29.4 -20.9 270 44 23 8.0 4.4 | -29.6 -21.3 270 35 18 7.7 4.2
27000 -27.1 -16.8 270 43 22 7.8 4.3 | -27.3 -17.1 270 34 17 7.5 4.1
26000 -24.8 -12.6 270 42 21 7.8 4.3 | -25.1 -13.2 270 33 17 7.5 4.1
25000 -22.5 -8.5 270 40 21 7.8 4.3 | -22.9 -9.2 270 32 16 7.5 4.1
24000 -20.3 -4.5 270 39 20 7.2 3.9 | -20.7 -5.3 270 31 16 7.1 3.9
23000 -18.1 -0.6 270 38 20 7.2 3.9 | -18.5 -1.3 270 31 16 7.2 3.9
22000 -16.0 3.2 270 38 19 7.2 4.0 | -16.4 2.5 270 30 16 7.1 3.9
21000 -14.1 6.6 270 36 18 6.3 3.5 | -14.3 6.3 275 30 15 6.6 3.6
20000 -12.2 10.0 270 32 17 6.3 3.5 | -12.4 9.7 275 28 15 6.6 3.6
19500 -11.3 11.7 275 31 16 6.3 3.5 | -11.4 11.5 280 28 14 6.6 3.6
19000 -10.3 13.5 275 29 15 6.3 3.4 | -10.5 13.1 280 27 14 6.6 3.6
18500 -9.4 15.1 280 27 14 6.1 3.3 | -9.1 15.6 280 25 13 6.4 3.5
18000 -8.5 16.7 280 25 13 6.0 3.3 | -8.1 17.4 280 24 12 6.4 3.5
17500 -7.6 18.3 280 23 12 6.6 3.6 | -7.2 19.0 280 22 12 6.6 3.6
17000 -6.6 20.1 285 22 11 6.7 3.7 | -6.2 20.8 280 21 11 6.6 3.6
16500 -5.6 21.9 285 21 11 6.8 3.7 | -5.2 22.6 275 20 10 6.5 3.6
16000 -4.5 23.9 285 20 10 7.0 3.8 | -4.2 24.4 275 19 10 6.5 3.6
15500 -3.5 25.7 285 19 10 7.0 3.8 | -3.3 26.1 270 18 9 6.6 3.6
15000 -1.9 28.6 280 17 9 7.1 3.9 | -2.3 27.9 270 17 9 6.6 3.6
14500 -0.9 30.4 280 17 9 7.0 3.9 | -1.3 29.7 265 16 8 6.6 3.6
14000 0.2 32.4 275 16 8 6.7 3.7 | -0.3 31.5 260 15 8 6.6 3.6
13500 1.2 34.2 270 15 8 6.8 3.7 | 0.6 33.1 260 14 7 6.6 3.6
13000 2.2 36.0 270 15 8 6.9 3.8 | 1.6 34.9 255 13 7 7.3 4.0
12500 3.2 37.8 265 14 7 6.9 3.8 | 2.7 36.9 250 11 6 7.2 3.9
12000 4.2 39.6 260 14 7 6.9 3.8 | 3.8 38.8 245 10 5 7.6 4.1
11500 5.2 41.4 255 13 7 6.8 3.7 | 4.9 40.8 240 9 4 7.6 4.1
11000 6.2 43.2 250 12 6 7.5 4.1 | 6.0 42.8 230 7 4 7.8 4.3
10500 7.3 45.1 245 11 6 8.4 4.6 | 7.1 44.8 220 7 3 8.6 4.7
10250 7.8 46.0 240 10 5 4.0 2.2 | 7.7 45.9 215 6 3 4.4 2.4
10000 8.0 46.4 240 10 5 5.4 3.0 | 7.9 46.2 210 6 3 5.5 3.0
9750 8.7 47.7 235 9 5 10.4 5.7 | 8.6 47.5 205 5 3 10.2 5.6
9500 9.4 48.9 235 8 4 10.0 5.5 | 9.3 48.7 195 5 2 9.7 5.3
9250 10.1 50.2 225 7 4 6.6 3.6 | 10.0 50.0 180 4 2 6.8 3.7
9000 10.4 50.7 225 7 4 6.5 3.6 | 10.4 50.7 170 4 2 6.5 3.6
8750 11.1 52.0 225 6 3 10.3 5.7 | 11.1 52.0 155 4 2 9.6 5.3
8500 11.8 53.2 225 5 2 9.5 5.2 | 11.7 53.1 140 4 2 9.0 4.9
8250 12.5 54.5 220 4 2 7.0 3.8 | 12.4 54.3 125 4 2 7.2 3.9
8000 12.9 55.2 205 3 2 6.6 3.6 | 12.9 55.2 110 5 2 6.6 3.6
7750 13.6 56.5 195 3 1 9.8 5.4 | 13.5 56.3 100 5 3 9.2 5.0
7500 14.3 57.7 170 2 1 9.3 5.1 | 14.2 57.6 095 5 3 8.8 4.8
7250 14.9 58.8 155 2 1 7.4 4.0 | 14.7 58.5 085 6 3 6.5 3.5
7000 15.4 59.7 150 2 1 7.1 3.9 | 15.2 59.4 085 7 4 5.5 3.0
6750 16.1 61.0 140 2 1 11.2 6.2 | 15.7 60.3 080 8 4 9.0 4.9
6500 17.0 62.6 115 2 1 11.2 6.1 | 16.4 61.5 075 8 4 8.3 4.5
6250 17.7 63.9 115 2 1 8.5 4.6 | 16.8 62.2 070 8 4 4.8 2.6
6000 18.3 64.9 115 2 1 8.6 4.7 | 17.2 63.0 070 9 5 5.9 3.2
5750 19.0 66.2 115 2 1 10.8 5.9 | 17.6 63.7 065 9 5 3.4 1.9
5500 20.0 68.0 105 2 1 16.6 9.1 | 17.5 63.5 055 7 3 -6.8 -3.7
________________________________________________________________________________
This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) and again by approximately 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). It is not
continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance.
The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or
numerical weather prediction model data taken near the old Stapleton
Airport site in Denver, Colorado at
North Latitude: 39 deg 46 min 5.016 sec
West Longitude: 104 deg 52 min 9.984 sec
Elevation: 5285 feet (1611 meters)
and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather
prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to
data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should
not be used.
The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject
to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should
be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this
page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in
the soaring forecast.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the
energy available for convective development, also known as the positive
area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger
values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of
stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or
greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should
convective activity develop.
CINH (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy
needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on
a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative
this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This
inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft,
lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.)
Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass,
if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it
just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are
produced by surface heating only.
Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make
the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a
"trigger temperature" for that level.
Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius.
Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above
mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and
existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain
waves.
K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference
between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount
of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure
of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger
positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of
thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding
soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158
and is reproduced in the following table:
below -10 no or weak thermals
-10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals
5 to 15 good soaring conditions
15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers
20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing
probability of showers and thunderstorms
above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms
Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate
inversions.
Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the
average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast
maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation.
Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a
level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of
an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted
condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same
level. The parcel`s initial temperature is the forecast maximum
temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000
feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with
positive values showing stable conditions.
Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is
computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual
level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation.
Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index
are applied to these calculations.
Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the
forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature.
Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It
is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum
height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures
between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet
above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments
are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of
middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment.
Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus)
or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that
between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast
conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud.
Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that
some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests
that little sunlight is reaching the ground.
Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights:
1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more
2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists)
where the wind speed no longer increases with height
PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA)
on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean
sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring.
Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached
and the time of overdevelopment.
Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the
temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat
through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values
are indicative of thermal lift.
Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the
computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high
cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger
temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following:
Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating
>= 800 fpm Excellent
>= 400 and < 800 fpm Good
>= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair
< 200 fpm Poor
Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena,
which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur:
1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover
2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts
3. initiation of widespread precipitation
Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to
reach the trigger temperature.
Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000
feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic.
Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which
attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave
soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to
these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static
stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above
the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough
movements.
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